kill(2)

NAME
kill - send signal to a process

LIBRARY
Standard C library (libc, -lc)

SYNOPSIS
#include <signal.h>

int kill(pid_t pid, int sig);

    Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):

kill():
    _POSIX_C_SOURCE

DESCRIPTION
The kill() system call can be used to send any signal to any process group or process.

If pid is positive, then signal sig is sent to the process with the ID specified by pid.

If pid equals 0, then sig is sent to every process in the process group of the calling process.

If pid equals -1, then sig is sent to every process for which the calling process has permission to send signals, except for process 1 (init), but see below.

If pid is less than -1, then sig is sent to every process in the process group whose ID is -pid.

If sig is 0, then no signal is sent, but existence and permission checks are still performed; this can be used to check for the existence of a process ID or process group ID that the caller is permitted to signal.

For a process to have permission to send a signal, it must either be privileged (under Linux: have the CAP_KILL capability in the user namespace of the target process), or the real or effective user ID of the sending process must equal the real or saved set-user-ID of the target process. In the case of SIGCONT, it suffices when the sending and receiving processes belong to the same session. (Historically, the rules were different; see HISTORY.)

RETURN VALUE
On success, zero is returned. If signals were sent to a process group, success means that at least one signal was delivered. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set to indicate the error.

ERRORS

EINVAL
    An invalid signal was specified.

EPERM
    The calling process does not have permission to send the signal to any of the target processes.

ESRCH
    The target process or process group does not exist. Note that an existing process might be a zombie, a process that has terminated execution, but has not yet been wait(2)ed for.

STANDARDS
POSIX.1-2024.

HISTORY
4.3BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-1988.

  Linux notes
Across different kernel versions, Linux has enforced different rules for the permissions required for an unprivileged process to send a signal to another process. In Linux 1.0 to 1.2.2, a signal could be sent if the effective user ID of the sender matched effective user ID of the target, or the real user ID of the sender matched the real user ID of the target. From Linux 1.2.3 until 1.3.77, a signal could be sent if the effective user ID of the sender matched either the real or effective user ID of the target. The current rules, which conform to POSIX.1, were adopted in Linux 1.3.78.

NOTES
The only signals that can be sent to process ID 1, the init process, are those for which init has explicitly installed signal handlers. This is done to assure the system is not brought down accidentally.

POSIX.1 requires that kill(-1,sig) send sig to all processes that the calling process may send signals to, except possibly for some implementation-defined system processes. Linux allows a process to signal itself, but on Linux the call kill(-1,sig) does not signal the calling process.

POSIX.1 requires that if a process sends a signal to itself, and the sending thread does not have the signal blocked, and no other thread has it unblocked or is waiting for it in sigwait(3), at least one unblocked signal must be delivered to the sending thread before the kill() returns.

BUGS
In Linux 2.6 up to and including Linux 2.6.7, there was a bug that meant that when sending signals to a process group, kill() failed with the error EPERM if the caller did not have permission to send the signal to any (rather than all) of the members of the process group. Notwithstanding this error return, the signal was still delivered to all of the processes for which the caller had permission to signal.

SEE ALSO
kill(1), _exit(2), pidfd_send_signal(2), signal(2), tkill(2), exit(3), killpg(3), sigqueue(3), capabilities(7), credentials(7), signal(7)