// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
// specific language governing permissions and limitations
// under the License.

use crate::null_sentinel;
use arrow_array::builder::BufferBuilder;
use arrow_array::types::ByteArrayType;
use arrow_array::*;
use arrow_buffer::bit_util::ceil;
use arrow_buffer::{ArrowNativeType, MutableBuffer};
use arrow_data::{ArrayDataBuilder, MAX_INLINE_VIEW_LEN};
use arrow_schema::{DataType, SortOptions};
use builder::make_view;

/// The block size of the variable length encoding
pub const BLOCK_SIZE: usize = 32;

/// The first block is split into `MINI_BLOCK_COUNT` mini-blocks
///
/// This helps to reduce the space amplification for small strings
pub const MINI_BLOCK_COUNT: usize = 4;

/// The mini block size
pub const MINI_BLOCK_SIZE: usize = BLOCK_SIZE / MINI_BLOCK_COUNT;

/// The continuation token
pub const BLOCK_CONTINUATION: u8 = 0xFF;

/// Indicates an empty string
pub const EMPTY_SENTINEL: u8 = 1;

/// Indicates a non-empty string
pub const NON_EMPTY_SENTINEL: u8 = 2;

/// Indicates a Null value (for DataType::Null)
pub const NULL_VALUE_SENTINEL: u8 = 3;

/// Returns the padded length of the encoded length of the given length
#[inline]
pub fn padded_length(a: Option<usize>) -> usize {
    match a {
        Some(a) => non_null_padded_length(a),
        None => 1,
    }
}

/// Returns the padded length of the encoded length of the given length
#[inline]
pub(crate) fn non_null_padded_length(len: usize) -> usize {
    if len <= BLOCK_SIZE {
        1 + ceil(len, MINI_BLOCK_SIZE) * (MINI_BLOCK_SIZE + 1)
    } else {
        // Each miniblock ends with a 1 byte continuation, therefore add
        // `(MINI_BLOCK_COUNT - 1)` additional bytes over non-miniblock size
        MINI_BLOCK_COUNT + ceil(len, BLOCK_SIZE) * (BLOCK_SIZE + 1)
    }
}

/// Variable length values are encoded as
///
/// - single `0_u8` if null
/// - single `1_u8` if empty array
/// - `2_u8` if not empty, followed by one or more blocks
///
/// where a block is encoded as
///
/// - [`BLOCK_SIZE`] bytes of string data, padded with 0s
/// - `0xFF_u8` if this is not the last block for this string
/// - otherwise the length of the block as a `u8`
pub fn encode<'a, I: Iterator<Item = Option<&'a [u8]>>>(
    data: &mut [u8],
    offsets: &mut [usize],
    i: I,
    opts: SortOptions,
) {
    for (offset, maybe_val) in offsets.iter_mut().skip(1).zip(i) {
        *offset += encode_one(&mut data[*offset..], maybe_val, opts);
    }
}

/// Calls [`encode`] with optimized iterator for generic byte arrays
pub(crate) fn encode_generic_byte_array<T: ByteArrayType>(
    data: &mut [u8],
    offsets: &mut [usize],
    input_array: &GenericByteArray<T>,
    opts: SortOptions,
) {
    let input_offsets = input_array.value_offsets();
    let bytes = input_array.values().as_slice();

    if let Some(null_buffer) = input_array.nulls().filter(|x| x.null_count() > 0) {
        let input_iter =
            input_offsets
                .windows(2)
                .zip(null_buffer.iter())
                .map(|(start_end, is_valid)| {
                    if is_valid {
                        let item_range = start_end[0].as_usize()..start_end[1].as_usize();
                        // SAFETY: the offsets of the input are valid by construction
                        // so it is ok to use unsafe here
                        let item = unsafe { bytes.get_unchecked(item_range) };
                        Some(item)
                    } else {
                        None
                    }
                });

        encode(data, offsets, input_iter, opts);
    } else {
        // Skip null checks
        let input_iter = input_offsets.windows(2).map(|start_end| {
            let item_range = start_end[0].as_usize()..start_end[1].as_usize();
            // SAFETY: the offsets of the input are valid by construction
            // so it is ok to use unsafe here
            let item = unsafe { bytes.get_unchecked(item_range) };
            Some(item)
        });

        encode(data, offsets, input_iter, opts);
    }
}

pub fn encode_null(out: &mut [u8], opts: SortOptions) -> usize {
    out[0] = null_sentinel(opts);
    1
}

pub fn encode_empty(out: &mut [u8], opts: SortOptions) -> usize {
    out[0] = match opts.descending {
        true => !EMPTY_SENTINEL,
        false => EMPTY_SENTINEL,
    };
    1
}

/// Ensure `NullArray`s don't get encoded as empty lists which can lose their length
pub fn encode_null_value(out: &mut [u8], opts: SortOptions) -> usize {
    out[0] = match opts.descending {
        true => !NON_EMPTY_SENTINEL,
        false => NON_EMPTY_SENTINEL,
    };
    out[1] = match opts.descending {
        true => !NULL_VALUE_SENTINEL,
        false => NULL_VALUE_SENTINEL,
    };
    2
}

#[inline]
pub fn encode_one(out: &mut [u8], val: Option<&[u8]>, opts: SortOptions) -> usize {
    match val {
        None => encode_null(out, opts),
        Some([]) => encode_empty(out, opts),
        Some(val) => {
            // Write `2_u8` to demarcate as non-empty, non-null string
            out[0] = NON_EMPTY_SENTINEL;

            let len = if val.len() <= BLOCK_SIZE {
                1 + encode_blocks::<MINI_BLOCK_SIZE>(&mut out[1..], val)
            } else {
                let (initial, rem) = val.split_at(BLOCK_SIZE);
                let offset = encode_blocks::<MINI_BLOCK_SIZE>(&mut out[1..], initial);
                out[offset] = BLOCK_CONTINUATION;
                1 + offset + encode_blocks::<BLOCK_SIZE>(&mut out[1 + offset..], rem)
            };

            if opts.descending {
                // Invert bits
                out[..len].iter_mut().for_each(|v| *v = !*v)
            }
            len
        }
    }
}

/// Writes `val` in `SIZE` blocks with the appropriate continuation tokens
#[inline]
fn encode_blocks<const SIZE: usize>(out: &mut [u8], val: &[u8]) -> usize {
    let block_count = ceil(val.len(), SIZE);
    let end_offset = block_count * (SIZE + 1);
    let to_write = &mut out[..end_offset];

    let chunks = val.chunks_exact(SIZE);
    let remainder = chunks.remainder();
    for (input, output) in chunks.clone().zip(to_write.chunks_exact_mut(SIZE + 1)) {
        let input: &[u8; SIZE] = input.try_into().unwrap();
        let out_block: &mut [u8; SIZE] = (&mut output[..SIZE]).try_into().unwrap();

        *out_block = *input;

        // Indicate that there are further blocks to follow
        output[SIZE] = BLOCK_CONTINUATION;
    }

    if !remainder.is_empty() {
        let start_offset = (block_count - 1) * (SIZE + 1);
        to_write[start_offset..start_offset + remainder.len()].copy_from_slice(remainder);
        *to_write.last_mut().unwrap() = remainder.len() as u8;
    } else {
        // We must overwrite the continuation marker written by the loop above
        *to_write.last_mut().unwrap() = SIZE as u8;
    }
    end_offset
}

/// Decodes a single block of data
/// The `f` function accepts a slice of the decoded data, it may be called multiple times
pub fn decode_blocks(row: &[u8], options: SortOptions, mut f: impl FnMut(&[u8])) -> usize {
    let (non_empty_sentinel, continuation) = match options.descending {
        true => (!NON_EMPTY_SENTINEL, !BLOCK_CONTINUATION),
        false => (NON_EMPTY_SENTINEL, BLOCK_CONTINUATION),
    };

    if row[0] != non_empty_sentinel {
        // Empty or null string
        return 1;
    }

    // Extracts the block length from the sentinel
    let block_len = |sentinel: u8| match options.descending {
        true => !sentinel as usize,
        false => sentinel as usize,
    };

    let mut idx = 1;
    for _ in 0..MINI_BLOCK_COUNT {
        let sentinel = row[idx + MINI_BLOCK_SIZE];
        if sentinel != continuation {
            f(&row[idx..idx + block_len(sentinel)]);
            return idx + MINI_BLOCK_SIZE + 1;
        }
        f(&row[idx..idx + MINI_BLOCK_SIZE]);
        idx += MINI_BLOCK_SIZE + 1;
    }

    loop {
        let sentinel = row[idx + BLOCK_SIZE];
        if sentinel != continuation {
            f(&row[idx..idx + block_len(sentinel)]);
            return idx + BLOCK_SIZE + 1;
        }
        f(&row[idx..idx + BLOCK_SIZE]);
        idx += BLOCK_SIZE + 1;
    }
}

/// Returns the number of bytes of encoded data
fn decoded_len(row: &[u8], options: SortOptions) -> usize {
    let mut len = 0;
    decode_blocks(row, options, |block| len += block.len());
    len
}

/// Decodes a binary array from `rows` with the provided `options`
pub fn decode_binary<I: OffsetSizeTrait>(
    rows: &mut [&[u8]],
    options: SortOptions,
) -> GenericBinaryArray<I> {
    let len = rows.len();
    let mut null_count = 0;
    let nulls = MutableBuffer::collect_bool(len, |x| {
        let valid = rows[x][0] != null_sentinel(options);
        null_count += !valid as usize;
        valid
    });

    let values_capacity = rows.iter().map(|row| decoded_len(row, options)).sum();
    let mut offsets = BufferBuilder::<I>::new(len + 1);
    offsets.append(I::zero());
    let mut values = MutableBuffer::new(values_capacity);

    for row in rows {
        let offset = decode_blocks(row, options, |b| values.extend_from_slice(b));
        *row = &row[offset..];
        offsets.append(I::from_usize(values.len()).expect("offset overflow"))
    }

    if options.descending {
        values.as_slice_mut().iter_mut().for_each(|o| *o = !*o)
    }

    let d = match I::IS_LARGE {
        true => DataType::LargeBinary,
        false => DataType::Binary,
    };

    let builder = ArrayDataBuilder::new(d)
        .len(len)
        .null_count(null_count)
        .null_bit_buffer(Some(nulls.into()))
        .add_buffer(offsets.finish())
        .add_buffer(values.into());

    // SAFETY:
    // Valid by construction above
    unsafe { GenericBinaryArray::from(builder.build_unchecked()) }
}

fn decode_binary_view_inner(
    rows: &mut [&[u8]],
    options: SortOptions,
    validate_utf8: bool,
) -> BinaryViewArray {
    let len = rows.len();
    let inline_str_max_len = MAX_INLINE_VIEW_LEN as usize;

    let mut null_count = 0;

    let nulls = MutableBuffer::collect_bool(len, |x| {
        let valid = rows[x][0] != null_sentinel(options);
        null_count += !valid as usize;
        valid
    });

    // If we are validating UTF-8, decode all string values (including short strings)
    // into the values buffer and validate UTF-8 once. If not validating,
    // we save memory by only copying long strings to the values buffer, as short strings
    // will be inlined into the view and do not need to be stored redundantly.
    let values_capacity = if validate_utf8 {
        // Capacity for all long and short strings
        rows.iter().map(|row| decoded_len(row, options)).sum()
    } else {
        // Capacity for all long strings plus room for one short string
        rows.iter().fold(0, |acc, row| {
            let len = decoded_len(row, options);
            if len > inline_str_max_len {
                acc + len
            } else {
                acc
            }
        }) + inline_str_max_len
    };
    let mut values = MutableBuffer::new(values_capacity);

    let mut views = BufferBuilder::<u128>::new(len);
    for row in rows {
        let start_offset = values.len();
        let offset = decode_blocks(row, options, |b| values.extend_from_slice(b));
        // Measure string length via change in values buffer.
        // Used to check if decoded value should be truncated (short string) when validate_utf8 is false
        let decoded_len = values.len() - start_offset;
        if row[0] == null_sentinel(options) {
            debug_assert_eq!(offset, 1);
            debug_assert_eq!(start_offset, values.len());
            views.append(0);
        } else {
            // Safety: we just appended the data to the end of the buffer
            let val = unsafe { values.get_unchecked_mut(start_offset..) };

            if options.descending {
                val.iter_mut().for_each(|o| *o = !*o);
            }

            let view = make_view(val, 0, start_offset as u32);
            views.append(view);

            // truncate inline string in values buffer if validate_utf8 is false
            if !validate_utf8 && decoded_len <= inline_str_max_len {
                values.truncate(start_offset);
            }
        }
        *row = &row[offset..];
    }

    if validate_utf8 {
        // the values contains all data, no matter if it is short or long
        // we can validate utf8 in one go.
        std::str::from_utf8(values.as_slice()).unwrap();
    }

    let builder = ArrayDataBuilder::new(DataType::BinaryView)
        .len(len)
        .null_count(null_count)
        .null_bit_buffer(Some(nulls.into()))
        .add_buffer(views.finish())
        .add_buffer(values.into());

    // SAFETY:
    // Valid by construction above
    unsafe { BinaryViewArray::from(builder.build_unchecked()) }
}

/// Decodes a binary view array from `rows` with the provided `options`
pub fn decode_binary_view(rows: &mut [&[u8]], options: SortOptions) -> BinaryViewArray {
    decode_binary_view_inner(rows, options, false)
}

/// Decodes a string array from `rows` with the provided `options`
///
/// # Safety
///
/// The row must contain valid UTF-8 data
pub unsafe fn decode_string<I: OffsetSizeTrait>(
    rows: &mut [&[u8]],
    options: SortOptions,
    validate_utf8: bool,
) -> GenericStringArray<I> {
    let decoded = decode_binary::<I>(rows, options);

    if validate_utf8 {
        return GenericStringArray::from(decoded);
    }

    let builder = decoded
        .into_data()
        .into_builder()
        .data_type(GenericStringArray::<I>::DATA_TYPE);

    // SAFETY:
    // Row data must have come from a valid UTF-8 array
    GenericStringArray::from(unsafe { builder.build_unchecked() })
}

/// Decodes a string view array from `rows` with the provided `options`
///
/// # Safety
///
/// The row must contain valid UTF-8 data
pub unsafe fn decode_string_view(
    rows: &mut [&[u8]],
    options: SortOptions,
    validate_utf8: bool,
) -> StringViewArray {
    let view = decode_binary_view_inner(rows, options, validate_utf8);
    unsafe { view.to_string_view_unchecked() }
}

pub fn decode_null_value(rows: &mut [&[u8]], options: SortOptions) {
    for row in rows.iter_mut() {
        let (sentinel1, sentinel2) = match options.descending {
            true => (!NON_EMPTY_SENTINEL, !NULL_VALUE_SENTINEL),
            false => (NON_EMPTY_SENTINEL, NULL_VALUE_SENTINEL),
        };
        debug_assert_eq!(row[0], sentinel1, "Expected NULL_VALUE_SENTINEL at byte 0");
        debug_assert_eq!(row[1], sentinel2, "Expected NULL_VALUE_SENTINEL at byte 1");
        *row = &row[2..];
    }
}
