---
title: "自定义函数"
weight: 51
type: docs
aliases:
  - /zh/dev/table/functions/udfs.html
---
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# 自定义函数

自定义函数（UDF）是一种扩展开发机制，可以用来在查询语句里调用难以用其他方式表达的频繁使用或自定义的逻辑。

自定义函数可以用 JVM 语言（例如 Java 或 Scala）或 Python 实现，实现者可以在 UDF 中使用任意第三方库，本文聚焦于使用 JVM 语言开发自定义函数。



概述
--------

当前 Flink 有如下几种函数：

- *标量函数* 将标量值转换成一个新标量值；
- *Asynchronous scalar functions* asynchronously map scalar values to a new scalar value.
- *表值函数* 将标量值转换成新的行数据；
- *Async Table functions* asynchronously map scalar values to new rows and can be used for table sources that perform a lookup.
- *聚合函数* 将多行数据里的标量值转换成一个新标量值；
- *表值聚合函数* 将多行数据里的标量值转换成新的行数据；
- *Process table functions* map tables to new rows. Enabling user-defined operators with state and timers.

<span class="label label-danger">注意</span> 标量和表值函数已经使用了新的基于[数据类型]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/types" >}})的类型系统，聚合函数仍然使用基于 `TypeInformation` 的旧类型系统。

以下示例展示了如何创建一个基本的标量函数，以及如何在 Table API 和 SQL 里调用这个函数。

函数用于 SQL 查询前要先经过注册；而在用于 Table API 时，函数可以先注册后调用，也可以 _内联_ 后直接使用。

{{< tabs "1a14d788-01f7-4582-827f-5dda58de0512" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}
```java
import org.apache.flink.table.api.*;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction;
import static org.apache.flink.table.api.Expressions.*;

// 定义函数逻辑
public static class SubstringFunction extends ScalarFunction {
  public String eval(String s, Integer begin, Integer end) {
    return s.substring(begin, end);
  }
}

TableEnvironment env = TableEnvironment.create(...);

// 在 Table API 里不经注册直接“内联”调用函数
env.from("MyTable").select(call(SubstringFunction.class, $("myField"), 5, 12));

// 注册函数
env.createTemporarySystemFunction("SubstringFunction", SubstringFunction.class);

// 在 Table API 里调用注册好的函数
env.from("MyTable").select(call("SubstringFunction", $("myField"), 5, 12));

// 在 SQL 里调用注册好的函数
env.sqlQuery("SELECT SubstringFunction(myField, 5, 12) FROM MyTable");

// 在 SQL 里使用命名参数调用注册好的函数
env.sqlQuery("SELECT SubstringFunction(param1 => myField, param2 => 5, param3 => 12) FROM MyTable");

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Scala" >}}
```scala
import org.apache.flink.table.api._
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction

// define function logic
class SubstringFunction extends ScalarFunction {
  def eval(s: String, begin: Integer, end: Integer): String = {
    s.substring(begin, end)
  }
}

val env = TableEnvironment.create(...)

// 在 Table API 里不经注册直接“内联”调用函数
env.from("MyTable").select(call(classOf[SubstringFunction], $"myField", 5, 12))

// 注册函数
env.createTemporarySystemFunction("SubstringFunction", classOf[SubstringFunction])

// 在 Table API 里调用注册好的函数
env.from("MyTable").select(call("SubstringFunction", $"myField", 5, 12))

// 在 SQL 里调用注册好的函数
env.sqlQuery("SELECT SubstringFunction(myField, 5, 12) FROM MyTable")

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}

对于交互式会话，还可以在使用或注册函数之前对其进行参数化，这样可以把函数 _实例_ 而不是函数 _类_ 用作临时函数。

为确保函数实例可应用于集群环境，参数必须是可序列化的。

{{< tabs "0a4ec6d3-9f17-43bd-9b4d-506ca2cc7ec2" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}
```java
import org.apache.flink.table.api.*;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction;
import static org.apache.flink.table.api.Expressions.*;

// 定义可参数化的函数逻辑
public static class SubstringFunction extends ScalarFunction {

  private boolean endInclusive;

  public SubstringFunction(boolean endInclusive) {
    this.endInclusive = endInclusive;
  }

  public String eval(String s, Integer begin, Integer end) {
    return s.substring(begin, endInclusive ? end + 1 : end);
  }
}

TableEnvironment env = TableEnvironment.create(...);

// 在 Table API 里不经注册直接“内联”调用函数
env.from("MyTable").select(call(new SubstringFunction(true), $("myField"), 5, 12));

// 注册函数
env.createTemporarySystemFunction("SubstringFunction", new SubstringFunction(true));

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Scala" >}}
```scala
import org.apache.flink.table.api._
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction

// 定义可参数化的函数逻辑
class SubstringFunction(val endInclusive) extends ScalarFunction {
  def eval(s: String, begin: Integer, end: Integer): String = {
    s.substring(endInclusive ? end + 1 : end)
  }
}

val env = TableEnvironment.create(...)

// 在 Table API 里不经注册直接“内联”调用函数
env.from("MyTable").select(call(new SubstringFunction(true), $"myField", 5, 12))

// 注册函数
env.createTemporarySystemFunction("SubstringFunction", new SubstringFunction(true))

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}

你可以在 Table API 中使用 `*` 表达式作为函数的一个参数，它将被扩展为该表所有的列作为函数对应位置的参数。

{{< tabs "101c5f48-f5a3-4e9a-b8ef-2fdd21a9e007" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}
```java
import org.apache.flink.table.api.*;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction;
import static org.apache.flink.table.api.Expressions.*;

public static class MyConcatFunction extends ScalarFunction {
  public String eval(@DataTypeHint(inputGroup = InputGroup.ANY) Object... fields) {
    return Arrays.stream(fields)
        .map(Object::toString)
        .collect(Collectors.joining(","));
  }
}

TableEnvironment env = TableEnvironment.create(...);

// 使用 $("*") 作为函数的参数，如果 MyTable 有 3 列 (a, b, c)，
// 它们都将会被传给 MyConcatFunction。
env.from("MyTable").select(call(MyConcatFunction.class, $("*")));

// 它等价于显式地将所有列传给 MyConcatFunction。
env.from("MyTable").select(call(MyConcatFunction.class, $("a"), $("b"), $("c")));

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Scala" >}}
```scala
import org.apache.flink.table.api._
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction

import scala.annotation.varargs

class MyConcatFunction extends ScalarFunction {
  @varargs
  def eval(@DataTypeHint(inputGroup = InputGroup.ANY) row: AnyRef*): String = {
    row.map(f => f.toString).mkString(",")
  }
}

val env = TableEnvironment.create(...)

// 使用 $"*" 作为函数的参数，如果 MyTable 有 3 个列 (a, b, c)，
// 它们都将会被传给 MyConcatFunction。
env.from("MyTable").select(call(classOf[MyConcatFunction], $"*"));

// 它等价于显式地将所有列传给 MyConcatFunction。
env.from("MyTable").select(call(classOf[MyConcatFunction], $"a", $"b", $"c"));

```

{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}

{{< hint info >}}
`TableEnvironment` 提供两个重载方法使用用户自定义函数来注册临时系统函数:

- *createTemporarySystemFunction(
  String name, Class<? extends UserDefinedFunction> functionClass)*
- *createTemporarySystemFunction(String name, UserDefinedFunction functionInstance)*

在用户自定义函数类支持无参数构造器时，建议尽量使用 `functionClass` 而不是 `functionInstance`, 
因为 Flink 作为底层框架可以增加额外的内部功能来控制用户自定义函数实例的创建工作。
目前， `TableEnvironmentImpl` 里默认的实现会在创建实例之前对不同的 `UserDefinedFunction` 子类类型, 
例如`ScalaFunction`, `TableFunction`， 进行具体的类和方法实现验证。
未来还可以在不影响用户代码的情况下在系统底层添加更多的功能和自动优化。
{{< /hint >}}

{{< top >}}

开发指南
--------

<span class="label label-danger">注意</span>在聚合函数使用新的类型系统前，本节仅适用于标量和表值函数。

所有的自定义函数都遵循一些基本的实现原则。

### 函数类

实现类必须继承自合适的基类之一（例如 `org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction` ）。

该类必须声明为 `public` ，而不是 `abstract` ，并且可以被全局访问。不允许使用非静态内部类或匿名类。

为了将自定义函数存储在持久化的 catalog 中，该类必须具有默认构造器，且在运行时可实例化。

Anonymous functions in Table API can only be persisted if the function is not stateful (i.e. containing
only transient and static fields).

### 求值方法

基类提供了一组可以被重写的方法，例如 `open()`、 `close()` 或 `isDeterministic()` 。

但是，除了上述方法之外，作用于每条传入记录的主要逻辑还必须通过专门的 _求值方法_ 来实现。

根据函数的种类，后台生成的运算符会在运行时调用诸如 `eval()`、`accumulate()` 或 `retract()` 之类的求值方法。

这些方法必须声明为 `public` ，并带有一组定义明确的参数。

常规的 JVM 方法调用语义是适用的。因此可以：
- 实现重载的方法，例如 `eval(Integer)` 和 `eval(LocalDateTime)`；
- 使用变长参数，例如 `eval(Integer...)`;
- 使用对象继承，例如 `eval(Object)` 可接受 `LocalDateTime` 和 `Integer` 作为参数；
- 也可组合使用，例如 `eval(Object...)` 可接受所有类型的参数。

以下代码片段展示了一个重载函数的示例：

{{< tabs "cef0f4dd-cd54-4bd8-a739-a5384709ed14" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}
```java
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction;

// 有多个重载求值方法的函数
public static class SumFunction extends ScalarFunction {

  public Integer eval(Integer a, Integer b) {
    return a + b;
  }

  public Integer eval(String a, String b) {
    return Integer.valueOf(a) + Integer.valueOf(b);
  }

  public Integer eval(Double... d) {
    double result = 0;
    for (double value : d)
      result += value;
    return (int) result;
  }
}

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Scala" >}}
```scala
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction
import scala.annotation.varargs

// 有多个重载求值方法的函数
class SumFunction extends ScalarFunction {

  def eval(a: Integer, b: Integer): Integer = {
    a + b
  }

  def eval(a: String, b: String): Integer = {
    Integer.valueOf(a) + Integer.valueOf(b)
  }

  @varargs // generate var-args like Java
  def eval(d: Double*): Integer = {
    d.sum.toInt
  }
}

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}

### 类型推导

Table（类似于 SQL 标准）是一种强类型的 API。因此，函数的参数和返回类型都必须映射到[数据类型]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/types.zh.md" >}})。

从逻辑角度看，Planner 需要知道数据类型、精度和小数位数；从 JVM 角度来看，Planner 在调用自定义函数时需要知道如何将内部数据结构表示为 JVM 对象。

术语 _类型推导_ 概括了意在验证输入值、派生出参数/返回值数据类型的逻辑。

Flink 自定义函数实现了自动的类型推导提取，通过反射从函数的类及其求值方法中派生数据类型。如果这种隐式的反射提取方法不成功，则可以通过使用 `@DataTypeHint` 和 `@FunctionHint` 注解相关参数、类或方法来支持提取过程，下面展示了有关如何注解函数的例子。

如果需要更高级的类型推导逻辑，实现者可以在每个自定义函数中显式重写 `getTypeInference()` 方法。但是，建议使用注解方式，因为它可使自定义类型推导逻辑保持在受影响位置附近，而在其他位置则保持默认状态。


#### 自动类型推导

自动类型推导会检查函数的类和求值方法，派生出函数参数和结果的数据类型， `@DataTypeHint` 和 `@FunctionHint` 注解支持自动类型推导。

有关可以隐式映射到数据类型的类的完整列表，请参阅[数据类型]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/types.zh.md" >}}#数据类型注解)。

**`@DataTypeHint`**

在许多情况下，需要支持以 _内联_ 方式自动提取出函数参数、返回值的类型。

以下例子展示了如何使用 `@DataTypeHint`，详情可参考该注解类的文档。

{{< tabs "f5e228c1-ded2-4892-a46d-fdb2431e6841" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}
```java
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.DataTypeHint;
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.InputGroup;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction;
import org.apache.flink.types.Row;

// 有多个重载求值方法的函数
public static class OverloadedFunction extends ScalarFunction {

  // no hint required
  public Long eval(long a, long b) {
    return a + b;
  }

  // 定义 decimal 的精度和小数位
  public @DataTypeHint("DECIMAL(12, 3)") BigDecimal eval(double a, double b) {
    return BigDecimal.valueOf(a + b);
  }

  // 定义嵌套数据类型
  @DataTypeHint("ROW<s STRING, t TIMESTAMP_LTZ(3)>")
  public Row eval(int i) {
    return Row.of(String.valueOf(i), Instant.ofEpochSecond(i));
  }

  // 允许任意类型的符入，并输出序列化定制后的值
  @DataTypeHint(value = "RAW", bridgedTo = ByteBuffer.class)
  public ByteBuffer eval(@DataTypeHint(inputGroup = InputGroup.ANY) Object o) {
    return MyUtils.serializeToByteBuffer(o);
  }
}

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Scala" >}}
```scala
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.DataTypeHint
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.InputGroup
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction
import org.apache.flink.types.Row
import scala.annotation.varargs

// function with overloaded evaluation methods
class OverloadedFunction extends ScalarFunction {

  // no hint required
  def eval(a: Long, b: Long): Long = {
    a + b
  }

  // 定义 decimal 的精度和小数位
  @DataTypeHint("DECIMAL(12, 3)")
  def eval(a: Double, b: Double): BigDecimal = {
    BigDecimal(a + b)
  }

  // 定义嵌套数据类型
  @DataTypeHint("ROW<s STRING, t TIMESTAMP_LTZ(3)>")
  def eval(i: Int): Row = {
    Row.of(i.toString, java.time.Instant.ofEpochSecond(i))
  }

  // 允许任意类型的符入，并输出定制序列化后的值
  @DataTypeHint(value = "RAW", bridgedTo = classOf[java.nio.ByteBuffer])
  def eval(@DataTypeHint(inputGroup = InputGroup.ANY) o: Any): java.nio.ByteBuffer = {
    MyUtils.serializeToByteBuffer(o)
  }
}

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}

**`@FunctionHint`**

有时我们希望一种求值方法可以同时处理多种数据类型，有时又要求对重载的多个求值方法仅声明一次通用的结果类型。

`@FunctionHint` 注解可以提供从入参数据类型到结果数据类型的映射，它可以在整个函数类或求值方法上注解输入、累加器和结果的数据类型。可以在类顶部声明一个或多个注解，也可以为类的所有求值方法分别声明一个或多个注解。所有的 hint 参数都是可选的，如果未定义参数，则使用默认的基于反射的类型提取。在函数类顶部定义的 hint 参数被所有求值方法继承。

以下例子展示了如何使用 `@FunctionHint`，详情可参考该注解类的文档。

{{< tabs "89e481b6-9709-4f8d-883b-921f0e67b041" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}
```java
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.DataTypeHint;
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.FunctionHint;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.TableFunction;
import org.apache.flink.types.Row;

// 为函数类的所有求值方法指定同一个输出类型
@FunctionHint(output = @DataTypeHint("ROW<s STRING, i INT>"))
public static class OverloadedFunction extends TableFunction<Row> {

  public void eval(int a, int b) {
    collect(Row.of("Sum", a + b));
  }

  // overloading of arguments is still possible
  public void eval() {
    collect(Row.of("Empty args", -1));
  }
}

// 解耦类型推导与求值方法，类型推导完全取决于 FunctionHint
@FunctionHint(
  input = {@DataTypeHint("INT"), @DataTypeHint("INT")},
  output = @DataTypeHint("INT")
)
@FunctionHint(
  input = {@DataTypeHint("BIGINT"), @DataTypeHint("BIGINT")},
  output = @DataTypeHint("BIGINT")
)
@FunctionHint(
  input = {},
  output = @DataTypeHint("BOOLEAN")
)
public static class OverloadedFunction extends TableFunction<Object> {

  // an implementer just needs to make sure that a method exists
  // that can be called by the JVM
  public void eval(Object... o) {
    if (o.length == 0) {
      collect(false);
    }
    collect(o[0]);
  }
}

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Scala" >}}
```scala

import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.DataTypeHint
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.FunctionHint
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.TableFunction
import org.apache.flink.types.Row

// 为函数类的所有求值方法指定同一个输出类型
@FunctionHint(output = new DataTypeHint("ROW<s STRING, i INT>"))
class OverloadedFunction extends TableFunction[Row] {

  def eval(a: Int, b: Int): Unit = {
    collect(Row.of("Sum", Int.box(a + b)))
  }

  // overloading of arguments is still possible
  def eval(): Unit = {
    collect(Row.of("Empty args", Int.box(-1)))
  }
}

// 解耦类型推导与求值方法，类型推导完全取决于 @FunctionHint
@FunctionHint(
  input = Array(new DataTypeHint("INT"), new DataTypeHint("INT")),
  output = new DataTypeHint("INT")
)
@FunctionHint(
  input = Array(new DataTypeHint("BIGINT"), new DataTypeHint("BIGINT")),
  output = new DataTypeHint("BIGINT")
)
@FunctionHint(
  input = Array(),
  output = new DataTypeHint("BOOLEAN")
)
class OverloadedFunction extends TableFunction[AnyRef] {

  // an implementer just needs to make sure that a method exists
  // that can be called by the JVM
  @varargs
  def eval(o: AnyRef*) = {
    if (o.length == 0) {
      collect(Boolean.box(false))
    }
    collect(o(0))
  }
}

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}

#### 定制类型推导

在大多数情况下，`@DataTypeHint` 和 `@FunctionHint` 足以构建自定义函数，然而通过重写 `getTypeInference()` 定制自动类型推导逻辑，实现者可以创建任意像系统内置函数那样有用的函数。

以下用 Java 实现的例子展示了定制类型推导的潜力，它根据字符串参数来确定函数的结果类型。该函数带有两个字符串参数：第一个参数表示要分析的字符串，第二个参数表示目标类型。

{{< tabs "db47e1b8-e387-432a-8bd5-1317e12ff64b" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}
```java
import org.apache.flink.table.api.DataTypes;
import org.apache.flink.table.catalog.DataTypeFactory;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction;
import org.apache.flink.table.types.inference.TypeInference;
import org.apache.flink.types.Row;

public static class LiteralFunction extends ScalarFunction {
  public Object eval(String s, String type) {
    switch (type) {
      case "INT":
        return Integer.valueOf(s);
      case "DOUBLE":
        return Double.valueOf(s);
      case "STRING":
      default:
        return s;
    }
  }

  // 禁用自动的反射式类型推导，使用如下逻辑进行类型推导
  @Override
  public TypeInference getTypeInference(DataTypeFactory typeFactory) {
    return TypeInference.newBuilder()
      // 指定输入参数的类型，必要时参数会被隐式转换
      .typedArguments(DataTypes.STRING(), DataTypes.STRING())
      // specify a strategy for the result data type of the function
      .outputTypeStrategy(callContext -> {
        if (!callContext.isArgumentLiteral(1) || callContext.isArgumentNull(1)) {
          throw callContext.newValidationError("Literal expected for second argument.");
        }
        // 基于字符串值返回数据类型
        final String literal = callContext.getArgumentValue(1, String.class).orElse("STRING");
        switch (literal) {
          case "INT":
            return Optional.of(DataTypes.INT().notNull());
          case "DOUBLE":
            return Optional.of(DataTypes.DOUBLE().notNull());
          case "STRING":
          default:
            return Optional.of(DataTypes.STRING());
        }
      })
      .build();
  }
}

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}

For more examples of custom type inference, see also the `flink-examples-table` module with
{{< gh_link file="flink-examples/flink-examples-table/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/table/examples/java/functions/AdvancedFunctionsExample.java" name="advanced function implementation" >}}.

### 命名参数

在调用函数时，可以使用参数名称来指定参数值。命名参数允许同时传递参数名和值给函数，避免了因为错误的参数顺序而导致混淆，并提高了代码的可读性和可维护性。 此外，命名参数还可以省略非必需的参数，默认情况下会使用 `null` 进行填充。
我们可以通过 `@ArgumentHint` 注解来指定参数的名称，类型，是否是必需的参数等。

**`@ArgumentHint`**

下面三个示例展示了如何在不同的范围内使用 `@ArgumentHint`。更多信息请参考注解类的文档。

1. 在 function 的 `eval` 方法的参数上使用 `@ArgumentHint` 注解。

{{< tabs "8064df87-eb42-4def-9bd2-0988fc246d37" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}

```java
import com.sun.tracing.dtrace.ArgsAttributes;
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.ArgumentHint;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction;

public static class NamedParameterClass extends ScalarFunction {

    // 使用 @ArgumentHint 注解指定参数的名称，参数类型，以及是否是必需的参数
    public String eval(@ArgumentHint(name = "param1", isOptional = false, type = @DataTypeHint("STRING")) String s1,
                       @ArgumentHint(name = "param2", isOptional = true, type = @DataTypeHint("INT")) Integer s2) {
        return s1 + ", " + s2;
    }
}

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Scala" >}}
```scala
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.ArgumentHint;
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.DataTypeHint;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction;

class NamedParameterClass extends ScalarFunction {

  // 使用 @ArgumentHint 注解指定参数的名称，参数类型，以及是否是必需的参数
  def eval(@ArgumentHint(name = "param1", isOptional = false, `type` = new DataTypeHint("STRING")) s1: String,
          @ArgumentHint(name = "param2", isOptional = true, `type` = new DataTypeHint("INTEGER")) s2: Integer) = {
    s1 + ", " + s2
  }
}
```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}

2. 在 function 的 `eval` 方法上使用 `@ArgumentHint` 注解。

{{< tabs "1356086c-189c-4932-a797-badf5b5e27ab" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}
```java
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.ArgumentHint;
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.DataTypeHint;
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.FunctionHint;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction;

public static class NamedParameterClass extends ScalarFunction {
    
  // 使用 @ArgumentHint 注解指定参数的名称，参数类型，以及该参数是否是必需的参数
  @FunctionHint(
    arguments = {
      @ArgumentHint(name = "param1", isOptional = false, type = @DataTypeHint("STRING")),
      @ArgumentHint(name = "param2", isOptional = true, type = @DataTypeHint("INTEGER"))
    }
  )
  public String eval(String s1, Integer s2) {
    return s1 + ", " + s2;
  }
}
```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Scala" >}}
```scala
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.ArgumentHint;
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.DataTypeHint;
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.FunctionHint;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction;

class NamedParameterClass extends ScalarFunction {

  // 使用 @ArgumentHint 注解指定参数的名称，参数类型，以及是否是必需的参数
  @FunctionHint(
    arguments = Array(
      new ArgumentHint(name = "param1", isOptional = false, `type` = new DataTypeHint("STRING")),
      new ArgumentHint(name = "param2", isOptional = true, `type` = new DataTypeHint("INTEGER"))
    )
  )
  def eval(s1: String, s2: Int): String = {
    s1 + ", " + s2
  }
}
```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}

3. 在 function 的 class 上使用 `@ArgumentHint` 注解。

{{< tabs "ba00146a-08bf-496c-89bc-8d5e333f04f7" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}
```java
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.ArgumentHint;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction;

// 使用 @ArgumentHint 注解指定参数的名称，参数类型，以及是否是必需的参数
@FunctionHint(
  arguments = {
    @ArgumentHint(name = "param1", isOptional = false, type = @DataTypeHint("STRING")),
    @ArgumentHint(name = "param2", isOptional = true, type = @DataTypeHint("INTEGER"))
  }
)
public static class NamedParameterClass extends ScalarFunction {
    
  public String eval(String s1, Integer s2) {
    return s1 + ", " + s2;
  }
}
```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Scala" >}}
```scala
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.ArgumentHint;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction;

// 使用 @ArgumentHint 注解指定参数的名称，参数类型，以及是否是必需的参数
@FunctionHint(
  arguments = Array(
    new ArgumentHint(name = "param1", isOptional = false, `type` = new DataTypeHint("STRING")),
    new ArgumentHint(name = "param2", isOptional = true, `type` = new DataTypeHint("INTEGER"))
  )
)
class NamedParameterClass extends ScalarFunction {

  // 使用 @ArgumentHint 注解指定参数的名称，参数类型，以及是否是必需的参数
  def eval(s1: String, s2: Int): String = {
    s1 + ", " + s2
  }
}
```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}


{{< hint info >}}
* `@ArgumentHint` 内部包含了 `@DataTypeHint` 注解，因此在 `@FunctionHint` 中不能同时声明 `input` 和 `argument` ，当作用于函数的参数时 `@ArgumentHint` 也不能和 `@DataTypeHint` 同时使用，推荐使用 `@ArgumentHint` 。
* 命名参数只有在对应的类不包含重载函数和可变参函数才会生效，否则使用命名参数会导致报错。
{{< /hint >}}

### 确定性

每个用户自定义函数类都可以通过重写 `isDeterministic()` 方法来声明它是否产生确定性的结果。如果该函数不是纯粹函数式的（如`random()`, `date()`, 或`now()`），该方法必须返回 `false`。默认情况下，`isDeterministic()` 返回 `true`。

此外，重写 `isDeterministic()` 方法也可能影响运行时行为。运行时实现可能会在两个不同的阶段被调用：

1. **在生成执行计划期间**：如果一个函数是通过常量表达式调用的或者常量表达式可以从给定的语句中推导出来，那么一个函数就会被预计算以减少常量表达式，并且可能不再在集群上执行。
除非 `isDeterministic()` 被重写为 `false` 用来在这种情况下禁用常量表达式简化。比如说，以下对 `ABS` 的调用在生成执行计划期间被执行：`SELECT ABS(-1) FROM t` 和 `SELECT ABS(field) FROM t WHERE field = -1`，而 `SELECT ABS(field) FROM t` 则不执行。

2. **在运行时（即在集群执行）**：如果一个函数被调用时带有非常量表达式或 `isDeterministic()` 返回 `false`。

#### 内置函数的确定性
系统（内置）函数的确定性是不可改变的。存在两种不具有确定性的函数：动态函数和非确定性函数，根据 Apache Calcite `SqlOperator` 的定义：
```java
  /**
   * Returns whether a call to this operator is guaranteed to always return
   * the same result given the same operands; true is assumed by default.
   */
  public boolean isDeterministic() {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * Returns whether it is unsafe to cache query plans referencing this
   * operator; false is assumed by default.
   */
  public boolean isDynamicFunction() {
    return false;
  }
```

`isDeterministic` 表示函数的确定性，声明返回 `false` 时将在运行时对每个记录进行计算。
`isDynamicFunction` 声明返回 `true` 时意味着该函数只能在查询开始时被计算，对于批处理模式，它只在生成执行计划期间被执行，
而对于流模式，它等效于一个非确定性的函数，这是因为查询在逻辑上是连续执行的（流模式对[动态表的连续查询抽象]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/concepts/dynamic_tables" >}}#dynamic-tables-amp-continuous-queries)），所以动态函数在每次查询执行时也会被重新计算（当前实现下等效于每条记录计算）。

以下内置函数总是非确定性的（批和流模式下，都在运行时对每条记录进行计算）
- UUID
- RAND
- RAND_INTEGER
- CURRENT_DATABASE
- UNIX_TIMESTAMP
- CURRENT_ROW_TIMESTAMP

以下内置时间函数是动态的，批处理模式下，将在生成执行计划期间被执行（查询开始），对于流模式，将在运行时对每条记录进行计算
- CURRENT_DATE
- CURRENT_TIME
- CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
- NOW
- LOCALTIME
- LOCALTIMESTAMP

注意：`isDynamicFunction` 仅适用于内置函数

### 运行时集成
-------------------

有时候自定义函数需要获取一些全局信息，或者在真正被调用之前做一些配置（setup）/清理（clean-up）的工作。自定义函数也提供了 `open()` 和 `close()` 方法，你可以重写这两个方法做到类似于 DataStream API 中 `RichFunction` 的功能。

open() 方法在求值方法被调用之前先调用。close() 方法在求值方法调用完之后被调用。

open() 方法提供了一个 FunctionContext，它包含了一些自定义函数被执行时的上下文信息，比如 metric group、分布式文件缓存，或者是全局的作业参数等。

下面的信息可以通过调用 `FunctionContext` 的对应的方法来获得：

| 方法                                | 描述                                            |
| :------------------------------------ | :----------------------------------------------------- |
| `getMetricGroup()`                    | 执行该函数的 subtask 的 Metric Group。                |
| `getCachedFile(name)`                 | 分布式文件缓存的本地临时文件副本。|
| `getJobParameter(name, defaultValue)` | 跟对应的 key 关联的全局参数值。  |

下面的例子展示了如何在一个标量函数中通过 FunctionContext 来获取一个全局的任务参数：

{{< tabs "39170f36-8e99-464a-bc9c-0d052568ef8a" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}
```java
import org.apache.flink.table.api.*;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.FunctionContext;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction;

public static class HashCodeFunction extends ScalarFunction {

    private int factor = 0;

    @Override
    public void open(FunctionContext context) throws Exception {
        // 获取参数 "hashcode_factor"
        // 如果不存在，则使用默认值 "12"
        factor = Integer.parseInt(context.getJobParameter("hashcode_factor", "12"));
    }

    public int eval(String s) {
        return s.hashCode() * factor;
    }
}

TableEnvironment env = TableEnvironment.create(...);

// 设置任务参数
env.getConfig().addJobParameter("hashcode_factor", "31");

// 注册函数
env.createTemporarySystemFunction("hashCode", HashCodeFunction.class);

// 调用函数
env.sqlQuery("SELECT myField, hashCode(myField) FROM MyTable");

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Scala" >}}
```scala
import org.apache.flink.table.api._
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.FunctionContext
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction

class HashCodeFunction extends ScalarFunction {

  private var factor: Int = 0

  override def open(context: FunctionContext): Unit = {
    // 获取参数 "hashcode_factor"
    // 如果不存在，则使用默认值 "12"
    factor = context.getJobParameter("hashcode_factor", "12").toInt
  }

  def eval(s: String): Int = {
    s.hashCode * factor
  }
}

val env = TableEnvironment.create(...)

// 设置任务参数
env.getConfig.addJobParameter("hashcode_factor", "31")

// 注册函数
env.createTemporarySystemFunction("hashCode", classOf[HashCodeFunction])

// 调用函数
env.sqlQuery("SELECT myField, hashCode(myField) FROM MyTable")

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}

{{< top >}}

标量函数
----------------

自定义标量函数可以把 0 到多个标量值映射成 1 个标量值，[数据类型]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/types.zh.md" >}})里列出的任何数据类型都可作为求值方法的参数和返回值类型。

想要实现自定义标量函数，你需要扩展 `org.apache.flink.table.functions` 里面的 `ScalarFunction` 并且实现一个或者多个求值方法。标量函数的行为取决于你写的求值方法。求值方法必须是 `public` 的，而且名字必须是 `eval`。

下面的例子展示了如何实现一个求哈希值的函数并在查询里调用它，详情可参考[开发指南](#开发指南)：

{{< tabs "6828e58c-65f1-4bed-a35e-63fec7aa8c19" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}
```java
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.InputGroup;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.*;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction;
import static org.apache.flink.table.api.Expressions.*;

public static class HashFunction extends ScalarFunction {

  // 接受任意类型输入，返回 INT 型输出
  public int eval(@DataTypeHint(inputGroup = InputGroup.ANY) Object o) {
    return o.hashCode();
  }
}

TableEnvironment env = TableEnvironment.create(...);

// 在 Table API 里不经注册直接“内联”调用函数
env.from("MyTable").select(call(HashFunction.class, $("myField")));

// 注册函数
env.createTemporarySystemFunction("HashFunction", HashFunction.class);

// 在 Table API 里调用注册好的函数
env.from("MyTable").select(call("HashFunction", $("myField")));

// 在 SQL 里调用注册好的函数
env.sqlQuery("SELECT HashFunction(myField) FROM MyTable");

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Scala" >}}
```scala
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.InputGroup
import org.apache.flink.table.api._
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.ScalarFunction

class HashFunction extends ScalarFunction {

  // 接受任意类型输入，返回 INT 型输出
  def eval(@DataTypeHint(inputGroup = InputGroup.ANY) o: AnyRef): Int {
    return o.hashCode();
  }
}

val env = TableEnvironment.create(...)

// 在 Table API 里不经注册直接“内联”调用函数
env.from("MyTable").select(call(classOf[HashFunction], $"myField"))

// 注册函数
env.createTemporarySystemFunction("HashFunction", classOf[HashFunction])

// 在 Table API 里调用注册好的函数
env.from("MyTable").select(call("HashFunction", $"myField"))

// 在 SQL 里调用注册好的函数
env.sqlQuery("SELECT HashFunction(myField) FROM MyTable")

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}

如果你打算使用 Python 实现或调用标量函数，详情可参考 [Python 标量函数]({{< ref "docs/dev/python/table/udfs/python_udfs" >}}#scalar-functions)。

{{< top >}}

Asynchronous Scalar Functions
----------------

When interacting with external systems (for example when enriching stream events with data stored in a database), one needs to take care that network or other latency does not dominate the streaming application’s running time.

Naively accessing data in the external database, for example using a `ScalarFunction`, typically means **synchronous** interaction: A request is sent to the database and the `ScalarFunction` waits until the response has been received. In many cases, this waiting makes up the vast majority of the function’s time.

To address this inefficiency, there is an `AsyncScalarFunction`. Asynchronous interaction with the database means that a single function instance can handle many requests concurrently and receive the responses concurrently. That way, the waiting time can be overlaid with sending other requests and receiving responses. At the very least, the waiting time is amortized over multiple requests. This leads in most cases to much higher streaming throughput.

{{< img src="/fig/async_io.svg" width="50%" >}}

#### Defining an AsyncScalarFunction

A user-defined asynchronous scalar function maps zero, one, or multiple scalar values to a new scalar value. Any data type listed in the [data types section]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/types" >}}) can be used as a parameter or return type of an evaluation method.

In order to define an asynchronous scalar function, extend the base class `AsyncScalarFunction` in `org.apache.flink.table.functions` and implement one or more evaluation methods named `eval(...)`.  The first argument must be a `CompletableFuture<...>` which is used to return the result, with subsequent arguments being the parameters passed to the function.

The number of outstanding calls to `eval` may be configured by [`table.exec.async-scalar.max-concurrent-operations`]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/config#table-exec-async-scalar-max-concurrent-operations" >}}).

The following example shows how to do work on a thread pool in the background, though any libraries exposing an async interface may be directly used to complete the `CompletableFuture` from a callback. See the [Implementation Guide](#implementation-guide) for more details.

```java
import org.apache.flink.table.api.*;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.AsyncScalarFunction;

import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

import static org.apache.flink.table.api.Expressions.*;

/**
 * A function which simulates looking up a beverage name from a database.
 * Since such lookups are often slow, we use an AsyncScalarFunction.
 */
public static class BeverageNameLookupFunction extends AsyncScalarFunction {
    private transient Executor executor;

    @Override
    public void open(FunctionContext context) {
        // Create a thread pool for executing the background lookup.
        executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
    }

    // The eval method takes a future for the result and the beverage ID to lookup.
    public void eval(CompletableFuture<String> future, Integer beverageId) {
        // Submit a task to the thread pool. We don't want to block this main 
        // thread since that would prevent concurrent execution. The future can be 
        // completed from another thread when the lookup is done.
        executor.execute(() -> {
            // Simulate a database lookup by sleeping for 1s.
            try {
                Thread.sleep(1000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
            // Complete the future with the right beverage name.
            switch (beverageId) {
                case 0:
                    future.complete("Latte");
                    break;
                case 1:
                    future.complete("Cappuccino");
                    break;
                case 2:
                    future.complete("Espresso");
                    break;
                default:
                    // In the exceptional case, return an error.
                    future.completeExceptionally(new IllegalArgumentException("Bad beverageId: " + beverageId));
            }
        });
    }
}

TableEnvironment env = TableEnvironment.create(...);
env.getConfig().set("table.exec.async-scalar.max-concurrent-operations", "5");
env.getConfig().set("table.exec.async-scalar.timeout", "1m");

// call function "inline" without registration in Table API
env.from("Beverages").select(call(BeverageNameLookupFunction.class, $("beverageId")));

// register function
env.createTemporarySystemFunction("GetBeverageName", BeverageNameLookupFunction.class);

// call registered function in Table API
env.from("Beverages").select(call("GetBeverageName", $("beverageId")));

// call registered function in SQL
env.sqlQuery("SELECT GetBeverageName(beverageId) FROM Beverages");

```

#### Asynchronous Semantics
While calls to an `AsyncScalarFunction` may be completed out of the original input order, to maintain correct semantics, the outputs of the function are guaranteed to maintain that input order to downstream components of the query. The data itself could reveal completion order (e.g. by containing fetch timestamps), so the user should consider whether this is acceptable for their use-case.

#### Error Handling
The primary way for a user to indicate an error is to call `CompletableFuture.completeExceptionally(Throwable)`. Similarly, if an exception is encountered by the system when invoking `eval`, that will also result in an error. When an error occurs, the system will consider the retry strategy, configured by [`table.exec.async-scalar.retry-strategy`]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/config#table-exec-async-scalar-retry-strategy" >}}). If this is `NO_RETRY`, the job is failed. If it is set to `FIXED_DELAY`, a period of [`table.exec.async-scalar.retry-delay`]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/config#table-exec-async-scalar-retry-delay" >}}) will be waited, and the function call will be retried. If there have been [`table.exec.async-scalar.max-attempts`]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/config#table-exec-async-scalar-max-attempts" >}}) failed attempts or if the timeout [`table.exec.async-scalar.timeout`]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/config#table-exec-async-scalar-timeout" >}}) expires (including all retry attempts), the job will fail.

#### AsyncScalarFunction vs. ScalarFunction
One thing to consider is if the UDF contains CPU intensive logic with no blocking calls. If so, it likely doesn't require asynchronous functionality and could use a `ScalarFunction`. If the logic involves waiting for things like network or background operations (e.g. database lookups, RPCs, or REST calls), this may be a useful way to speed things up. There are also some queries that don't support `AsyncScalarFunction`, so when in doubt, `ScalarFunction` should be used.

{{< top >}}

表值函数
---------------

跟自定义标量函数一样，自定义表值函数的输入参数也可以是 0 到多个标量。但是跟标量函数只能返回一个值不同的是，它可以返回任意多行。返回的每一行可以包含 1 到多列，如果输出行只包含 1 列，会省略结构化信息并生成标量值，这个标量值在运行阶段会隐式地包装进行里。

要定义一个表值函数，你需要扩展 `org.apache.flink.table.functions` 下的 `TableFunction`，可以通过实现多个名为 `eval` 的方法对求值方法进行重载。像其他函数一样，输入和输出类型也可以通过反射自动提取出来。表值函数返回的表的类型取决于 `TableFunction` 类的泛型参数 `T`，不同于标量函数，表值函数的求值方法本身不包含返回类型，而是通过 `collect(T)` 方法来发送要输出的行。

在 Table API 中，表值函数是通过 `.joinLateral(...)` 或者 `.leftOuterJoinLateral(...)` 来使用的。`joinLateral` 算子会把外表（算子左侧的表）的每一行跟跟表值函数返回的所有行（位于算子右侧）进行 （cross）join。`leftOuterJoinLateral` 算子也是把外表（算子左侧的表）的每一行跟表值函数返回的所有行（位于算子右侧）进行（cross）join，并且如果表值函数返回 0 行也会保留外表的这一行。

在 SQL 里面用 `JOIN` 或者 以 `ON TRUE` 为条件的 `LEFT JOIN` 来配合 `LATERAL TABLE(<TableFunction>)` 的使用。

下面的例子展示了如何实现一个分隔函数并在查询里调用它，详情可参考[开发指南](#开发指南)：

{{< tabs "1cf0d01a-2559-4b16-bb98-9b348f37bdc0" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}
```java
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.DataTypeHint;
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.FunctionHint;
import org.apache.flink.table.api.*;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.TableFunction;
import org.apache.flink.types.Row;
import static org.apache.flink.table.api.Expressions.*;

@FunctionHint(output = @DataTypeHint("ROW<word STRING, length INT>"))
public static class SplitFunction extends TableFunction<Row> {

  public void eval(String str) {
    for (String s : str.split(" ")) {
      // use collect(...) to emit a row
      collect(Row.of(s, s.length()));
    }
  }
}

TableEnvironment env = TableEnvironment.create(...);

// 在 Table API 里不经注册直接“内联”调用函数
env
  .from("MyTable")
  .joinLateral(call(SplitFunction.class, $("myField")))
  .select($("myField"), $("word"), $("length"));
env
  .from("MyTable")
  .leftOuterJoinLateral(call(SplitFunction.class, $("myField")))
  .select($("myField"), $("word"), $("length"));

// 在 Table API 里重命名函数字段
env
  .from("MyTable")
  .leftOuterJoinLateral(call(SplitFunction.class, $("myField")).as("newWord", "newLength"))
  .select($("myField"), $("newWord"), $("newLength"));

// 注册函数
env.createTemporarySystemFunction("SplitFunction", SplitFunction.class);

// 在 Table API 里调用注册好的函数
env
  .from("MyTable")
  .joinLateral(call("SplitFunction", $("myField")))
  .select($("myField"), $("word"), $("length"));
env
  .from("MyTable")
  .leftOuterJoinLateral(call("SplitFunction", $("myField")))
  .select($("myField"), $("word"), $("length"));

// 在 SQL 里调用注册好的函数
env.sqlQuery(
  "SELECT myField, word, length " +
  "FROM MyTable, LATERAL TABLE(SplitFunction(myField))");
env.sqlQuery(
  "SELECT myField, word, length " +
  "FROM MyTable " +
  "LEFT JOIN LATERAL TABLE(SplitFunction(myField)) ON TRUE");

// 在 SQL 里重命名函数字段
env.sqlQuery(
  "SELECT myField, newWord, newLength " +
  "FROM MyTable " +
  "LEFT JOIN LATERAL TABLE(SplitFunction(myField)) AS T(newWord, newLength) ON TRUE");

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Scala" >}}
```scala
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.DataTypeHint
import org.apache.flink.table.annotation.FunctionHint
import org.apache.flink.table.api._
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.TableFunction
import org.apache.flink.types.Row

@FunctionHint(output = new DataTypeHint("ROW<word STRING, length INT>"))
class SplitFunction extends TableFunction[Row] {

  def eval(str: String): Unit = {
    // use collect(...) to emit a row
    str.split(" ").foreach(s => collect(Row.of(s, Int.box(s.length))))
  }
}

val env = TableEnvironment.create(...)

// 在 Table API 里不经注册直接“内联”调用函数
env
  .from("MyTable")
  .joinLateral(call(classOf[SplitFunction], $"myField")
  .select($"myField", $"word", $"length")
env
  .from("MyTable")
  .leftOuterJoinLateral(call(classOf[SplitFunction], $"myField"))
  .select($"myField", $"word", $"length")

// 在 Table API 里重命名函数字段
env
  .from("MyTable")
  .leftOuterJoinLateral(call(classOf[SplitFunction], $"myField").as("newWord", "newLength"))
  .select($"myField", $"newWord", $"newLength")

// 注册函数
env.createTemporarySystemFunction("SplitFunction", classOf[SplitFunction])

// 在 Table API 里调用注册好的函数
env
  .from("MyTable")
  .joinLateral(call("SplitFunction", $"myField"))
  .select($"myField", $"word", $"length")
env
  .from("MyTable")
  .leftOuterJoinLateral(call("SplitFunction", $"myField"))
  .select($"myField", $"word", $"length")

// 在 SQL 里调用注册好的函数
env.sqlQuery(
  "SELECT myField, word, length " +
  "FROM MyTable, LATERAL TABLE(SplitFunction(myField))");
env.sqlQuery(
  "SELECT myField, word, length " +
  "FROM MyTable " +
  "LEFT JOIN LATERAL TABLE(SplitFunction(myField)) ON TRUE")

// 在 SQL 里重命名函数字段
env.sqlQuery(
  "SELECT myField, newWord, newLength " +
  "FROM MyTable " +
  "LEFT JOIN LATERAL TABLE(SplitFunction(myField)) AS T(newWord, newLength) ON TRUE")

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}

如果你打算使用 Scala，不要把表值函数声明为 Scala `object`，Scala `object` 是单例对象，将导致并发问题。

如果你打算使用 Python 实现或调用表值函数，详情可参考 [Python 表值函数]({{< ref "docs/dev/python/table/udfs/python_udfs" >}}#table-functions)。

{{< top >}}

Asynchronous Table Functions
----------------

Similar to `AsyncScalarFunction`, there also exists a `AsyncTableFunction` for returning multiple row results rather than a single scalar value. Similarly, this is most useful when interacting with external systems (for example when enriching stream events with data stored in a database).

Asynchronous interaction with an external system means that a single function instance can handle many requests concurrently and receive the responses concurrently. That way, the waiting time can be overlaid with sending other requests and receiving responses. At the very least, the waiting time is amortized over multiple requests. This leads in most cases to much higher streaming throughput.

#### Defining an AsyncTableFunction

A user-defined asynchronous table function maps zero, one, or multiple scalar values to zero, one, or multiple Rows. Any data type listed in the [data types section]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/types" >}}) can be used as a parameter or return type of an evaluation method.

In order to define an asynchronous table function, extend the base class `AsyncTableFunction` in `org.apache.flink.table.functions` and implement one or more evaluation methods named `eval(...)`.  The first argument must be a `CompletableFuture<...>` which is used to return the result, with subsequent arguments being the parameters passed to the function.

The number of outstanding calls to `eval` may be configured by [`table.exec.async-table.max-concurrent-operations`]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/config#table-exec-async-table-max-concurrent-operations" >}}).

#### Asynchronous Semantics
While calls to an `AsyncTableFunction` may be completed out of the original input order, to maintain correct semantics, the outputs of the function are guaranteed to maintain that input order to downstream components of the query. The data itself could reveal completion order (e.g. by containing fetch timestamps), so the user should consider whether this is acceptable for their use-case.

#### Error Handling
The primary way for a user to indicate an error is to call `completableFuture.completeExceptionally(throwable)`. Similarly, if an exception is encountered by the system when invoking `eval`, that will also result in an error. When an error occurs, the system will consider the retry strategy, configured by [`table.exec.async-table.retry-strategy`]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/config#table-exec-async-table-retry-strategy" >}}). If this is `NO_RETRY`, the job is failed. If it is set to `FIXED_DELAY`, a period of [`table.exec.async-table.retry-delay`]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/config#table-exec-async-table-retry-delay" >}}) will be waited, and the function call will be retried. If there have been [`table.exec.async-table.max-attempts`]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/config#table-exec-async-table-max-attempts" >}}) failed attempts or if the timeout [`table.exec.async-table.timeout`]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/config#table-exec-async-table-timeout" >}}) expires (including all retry attempts), the job will fail.

The following example shows how to do work on a thread pool in the background, though any libraries exposing an async interface may be directly used to complete the `CompletableFuture` from a callback. See the [Implementation Guide](#implementation-guide) for more details.

```java
import org.apache.flink.table.api.*;
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.AsyncTableFunction;

import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

import static org.apache.flink.table.api.Expressions.*;

public static class BackgroundFunction extends AsyncTableFunction<Long> {
    private Executor executor;

    @Override
    public void open(FunctionContext context) {
        executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
    }

    public void eval(CompletableFuture<Collection<Long>> future, Integer waitMax) {
        executor.execute(() -> {
            ArrayList<Long> result = new ArrayList<>();
            long sleepTime = new Random().nextInt(waitMax);
            try {
                Thread.sleep(sleepTime);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
            if (sleepTime < 1000) {
                result.add(1L);
                result.add(2L);
            } else {
                result.add(3L);
            }
            future.complete(result);
        });
    }
}

TableEnvironment env = TableEnvironment.create(...);
env.getConfig().set("table.exec.async-table.max-concurrent-operations", "5");
env.getConfig().set("table.exec.async-table.timeout", "1m");

// call function "inline" without registration in Table API
env.from("MyTable")
        .joinLateral(call(BackgroundFunction.class, $("myField")))
        .select($("*"))

// register function
env.createTemporarySystemFunction("BackgroundFunction", BackgroundFunction.class);

// call registered function in Table API
env.from("MyTable")
        .joinLateral(call("BackgroundFunction", $("myField")))
        .select($("*"))

// call registered function in SQL
env.sqlQuery("SELECT * FROM MyTable, LATERAL TABLE(BackgroundFunction(myField))");

```

{{< top >}}

聚合函数
---------------------

自定义聚合函数（UDAGG）是把一个表（一行或者多行，每行可以有一列或者多列）聚合成一个标量值。

{{<img alt="UDAGG mechanism" src="/fig/udagg-mechanism.png" width="80%">}}

上面的图片展示了一个聚合的例子。假设你有一个关于饮料的表。表里面有三个字段，分别是 `id`、`name`、`price`，表里有 5 行数据。假设你需要找到所有饮料里最贵的饮料的价格，即执行一个 `max()` 聚合。你需要遍历所有 5 行数据，而结果就只有一个数值。

自定义聚合函数是通过扩展 `AggregateFunction` 来实现的。`AggregateFunction` 的工作过程如下。首先，它需要一个 `accumulator`，它是一个数据结构，存储了聚合的中间结果。通过调用 `AggregateFunction` 的 `createAccumulator()` 方法创建一个空的 accumulator。接下来，对于每一行数据，会调用 `accumulate()` 方法来更新 accumulator。当所有的数据都处理完了之后，通过调用 `getValue` 方法来计算和返回最终的结果。

**下面几个方法是每个 `AggregateFunction` 必须要实现的：**

- `createAccumulator()`
- `accumulate()`
- `getValue()`

Flink 的类型推导在遇到复杂类型的时候可能会推导出错误的结果，比如那些非基本类型和普通的 POJO 类型的复杂类型。所以跟 `ScalarFunction` 和 `TableFunction` 一样，`AggregateFunction` 也提供了 `AggregateFunction#getResultType()` 和 `AggregateFunction#getAccumulatorType()` 来分别指定返回值类型和 accumulator 的类型，两个函数的返回值类型也都是 `TypeInformation`。

除了上面的方法，还有几个方法可以选择实现。这些方法有些可以让查询更加高效，而有些是在某些特定场景下必须要实现的。例如，如果聚合函数用在会话窗口（当两个会话窗口合并的时候需要 merge 他们的 accumulator）的话，`merge()` 方法就是必须要实现的。

**`AggregateFunction` 的以下方法在某些场景下是必须实现的：**

- `retract()` 在 bounded `OVER` 窗口中是必须实现的。
- `merge()` 在许多批式聚合和会话以及滚动窗口聚合中是必须实现的。除此之外，这个方法对于优化也很多帮助。例如，两阶段聚合优化就需要所有的 `AggregateFunction` 都实现 `merge` 方法。
- `resetAccumulator()` 在许多批式聚合中是必须实现的。

`AggregateFunction` 的所有方法都必须是 `public` 的，不能是 `static` 的，而且名字必须跟上面写的一样。`createAccumulator`、`getValue`、`getResultType` 以及 `getAccumulatorType` 这几个函数是在抽象类 `AggregateFunction` 中定义的，而其他函数都是约定的方法。如果要定义一个聚合函数，你需要扩展 `org.apache.flink.table.functions.AggregateFunction`，并且实现一个（或者多个）`accumulate` 方法。`accumulate` 方法可以重载，每个方法的参数类型不同，并且支持变长参数。

`AggregateFunction` 的所有方法的详细文档如下。

{{< tabs "55ea8f05-96d8-462f-8bc4-8316da3d097b" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}
```java
/**
  * Base class for user-defined aggregates and table aggregates.
  *
  * @param <T>   the type of the aggregation result.
  * @param <ACC> the type of the aggregation accumulator. The accumulator is used to keep the
  *             aggregated values which are needed to compute an aggregation result.
  */
public abstract class UserDefinedAggregateFunction<T, ACC> extends UserDefinedFunction {

  /**
    * Creates and init the Accumulator for this (table)aggregate function.
    *
    * @return the accumulator with the initial value
    */
  public ACC createAccumulator(); // MANDATORY

  /**
    * Returns the TypeInformation of the (table)aggregate function's result.
    *
    * @return The TypeInformation of the (table)aggregate function's result or null if the result
    *         type should be automatically inferred.
    */
  public TypeInformation<T> getResultType = null; // PRE-DEFINED

  /**
    * Returns the TypeInformation of the (table)aggregate function's accumulator.
    *
    * @return The TypeInformation of the (table)aggregate function's accumulator or null if the
    *         accumulator type should be automatically inferred.
    */
  public TypeInformation<ACC> getAccumulatorType = null; // PRE-DEFINED
}

/**
  * Base class for aggregation functions.
  *
  * @param <T>   the type of the aggregation result
  * @param <ACC> the type of the aggregation accumulator. The accumulator is used to keep the
  *             aggregated values which are needed to compute an aggregation result.
  *             AggregateFunction represents its state using accumulator, thereby the state of the
  *             AggregateFunction must be put into the accumulator.
  */
public abstract class AggregateFunction<T, ACC> extends UserDefinedAggregateFunction<T, ACC> {

  /** Processes the input values and update the provided accumulator instance. The method
    * accumulate can be overloaded with different custom types and arguments. An AggregateFunction
    * requires at least one accumulate() method.
    *
    * @param accumulator           the accumulator which contains the current aggregated results
    * @param [user defined inputs] the input value (usually obtained from a new arrived data).
    */
  public void accumulate(ACC accumulator, [user defined inputs]); // MANDATORY

  /**
    * Retracts the input values from the accumulator instance. The current design assumes the
    * inputs are the values that have been previously accumulated. The method retract can be
    * overloaded with different custom types and arguments. This function must be implemented for
    * datastream bounded over aggregate.
    *
    * @param accumulator           the accumulator which contains the current aggregated results
    * @param [user defined inputs] the input value (usually obtained from a new arrived data).
    */
  public void retract(ACC accumulator, [user defined inputs]); // OPTIONAL

  /**
    * Merges a group of accumulator instances into one accumulator instance. This function must be
    * implemented for datastream session window grouping aggregate and bounded grouping aggregate.
    *
    * @param accumulator  the accumulator which will keep the merged aggregate results. It should
    *                     be noted that the accumulator may contain the previous aggregated
    *                     results. Therefore user should not replace or clean this instance in the
    *                     custom merge method.
    * @param its          an {@link java.lang.Iterable} pointed to a group of accumulators that will be
    *                     merged.
    */
  public void merge(ACC accumulator, java.lang.Iterable<ACC> its); // OPTIONAL

  /**
    * Called every time when an aggregation result should be materialized.
    * The returned value could be either an early and incomplete result
    * (periodically emitted as data arrive) or the final result of the
    * aggregation.
    *
    * @param accumulator the accumulator which contains the current
    *                    aggregated results
    * @return the aggregation result
    */
  public T getValue(ACC accumulator); // MANDATORY

  /**
    * Resets the accumulator for this [[AggregateFunction]]. This function must be implemented for
    * bounded grouping aggregate.
    *
    * @param accumulator  the accumulator which needs to be reset
    */
  public void resetAccumulator(ACC accumulator); // OPTIONAL

  /**
    * Returns true if this AggregateFunction can only be applied in an OVER window.
    *
    * @return true if the AggregateFunction requires an OVER window, false otherwise.
    */
  public Boolean requiresOver = false; // PRE-DEFINED
}
```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Scala" >}}
```scala
/**
  * Base class for user-defined aggregates and table aggregates.
  *
  * @tparam T   the type of the aggregation result.
  * @tparam ACC the type of the aggregation accumulator. The accumulator is used to keep the
  *             aggregated values which are needed to compute an aggregation result.
  */
abstract class UserDefinedAggregateFunction[T, ACC] extends UserDefinedFunction {

  /**
    * Creates and init the Accumulator for this (table)aggregate function.
    *
    * @return the accumulator with the initial value
    */
  def createAccumulator(): ACC // MANDATORY

  /**
    * Returns the TypeInformation of the (table)aggregate function's result.
    *
    * @return The TypeInformation of the (table)aggregate function's result or null if the result
    *         type should be automatically inferred.
    */
  def getResultType: TypeInformation[T] = null // PRE-DEFINED

  /**
    * Returns the TypeInformation of the (table)aggregate function's accumulator.
    *
    * @return The TypeInformation of the (table)aggregate function's accumulator or null if the
    *         accumulator type should be automatically inferred.
    */
  def getAccumulatorType: TypeInformation[ACC] = null // PRE-DEFINED
}

/**
  * Base class for aggregation functions.
  *
  * @tparam T   the type of the aggregation result
  * @tparam ACC the type of the aggregation accumulator. The accumulator is used to keep the
  *             aggregated values which are needed to compute an aggregation result.
  *             AggregateFunction represents its state using accumulator, thereby the state of the
  *             AggregateFunction must be put into the accumulator.
  */
abstract class AggregateFunction[T, ACC] extends UserDefinedAggregateFunction[T, ACC] {

  /**
    * Processes the input values and update the provided accumulator instance. The method
    * accumulate can be overloaded with different custom types and arguments. An AggregateFunction
    * requires at least one accumulate() method.
    *
    * @param accumulator           the accumulator which contains the current aggregated results
    * @param [user defined inputs] the input value (usually obtained from a new arrived data).
    */
  def accumulate(accumulator: ACC, [user defined inputs]): Unit // MANDATORY

  /**
    * Retracts the input values from the accumulator instance. The current design assumes the
    * inputs are the values that have been previously accumulated. The method retract can be
    * overloaded with different custom types and arguments. This function must be implemented for
    * datastream bounded over aggregate.
    *
    * @param accumulator           the accumulator which contains the current aggregated results
    * @param [user defined inputs] the input value (usually obtained from a new arrived data).
    */
  def retract(accumulator: ACC, [user defined inputs]): Unit // OPTIONAL

  /**
    * Merges a group of accumulator instances into one accumulator instance. This function must be
    * implemented for datastream session window grouping aggregate and bounded grouping aggregate.
    *
    * @param accumulator  the accumulator which will keep the merged aggregate results. It should
    *                     be noted that the accumulator may contain the previous aggregated
    *                     results. Therefore user should not replace or clean this instance in the
    *                     custom merge method.
    * @param its          an [[java.lang.Iterable]] pointed to a group of accumulators that will be
    *                     merged.
    */
  def merge(accumulator: ACC, its: java.lang.Iterable[ACC]): Unit // OPTIONAL

  /**
    * Called every time when an aggregation result should be materialized.
    * The returned value could be either an early and incomplete result
    * (periodically emitted as data arrive) or the final result of the
    * aggregation.
    *
    * @param accumulator the accumulator which contains the current
    *                    aggregated results
    * @return the aggregation result
    */
  def getValue(accumulator: ACC): T // MANDATORY

  /**
    * Resets the accumulator for this [[AggregateFunction]]. This function must be implemented for
    * bounded grouping aggregate.
    *
    * @param accumulator  the accumulator which needs to be reset
    */
  def resetAccumulator(accumulator: ACC): Unit // OPTIONAL

  /**
    * Returns true if this AggregateFunction can only be applied in an OVER window.
    *
    * @return true if the AggregateFunction requires an OVER window, false otherwise.
    */
  def requiresOver: Boolean = false // PRE-DEFINED
}
```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}


下面的例子展示了如何：

- 定义一个聚合函数来计算某一列的加权平均，
- 在 `TableEnvironment` 中注册函数，
- 在查询中使用函数。

为了计算加权平均值，accumulator 需要存储加权总和以及数据的条数。在我们的例子里，我们定义了一个类 `WeightedAvgAccum` 来作为 accumulator。Flink 的 checkpoint 机制会自动保存 accumulator，在失败时进行恢复，以此来保证精确一次的语义。

我们的 `WeightedAvg`（聚合函数）的 `accumulate` 方法有三个输入参数。第一个是 `WeightedAvgAccum` accumulator，另外两个是用户自定义的输入：输入的值 `ivalue` 和 输入的权重 `iweight`。尽管 `retract()`、`merge()`、`resetAccumulator()` 这几个方法在大多数聚合类型中都不是必须实现的，我们也在样例中提供了他们的实现。请注意我们在 Scala 样例中也是用的是 Java 的基础类型，并且定义了 `getResultType()` 和 `getAccumulatorType()`，因为 Flink 的类型推导对于 Scala 的类型推导做的不是很好。

{{< tabs "ee5bdf7f-9cb8-4b3a-9522-8d20cd97522c" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}
```java
/**
 * Accumulator for WeightedAvg.
 */
public static class WeightedAvgAccum {
    public long sum = 0;
    public int count = 0;
}

/**
 * Weighted Average user-defined aggregate function.
 */
public static class WeightedAvg extends AggregateFunction<Long, WeightedAvgAccum> {

    @Override
    public WeightedAvgAccum createAccumulator() {
        return new WeightedAvgAccum();
    }

    @Override
    public Long getValue(WeightedAvgAccum acc) {
        if (acc.count == 0) {
            return null;
        } else {
            return acc.sum / acc.count;
        }
    }

    public void accumulate(WeightedAvgAccum acc, long iValue, int iWeight) {
        acc.sum += iValue * iWeight;
        acc.count += iWeight;
    }

    public void retract(WeightedAvgAccum acc, long iValue, int iWeight) {
        acc.sum -= iValue * iWeight;
        acc.count -= iWeight;
    }

    public void merge(WeightedAvgAccum acc, Iterable<WeightedAvgAccum> it) {
        Iterator<WeightedAvgAccum> iter = it.iterator();
        while (iter.hasNext()) {
            WeightedAvgAccum a = iter.next();
            acc.count += a.count;
            acc.sum += a.sum;
        }
    }

    public void resetAccumulator(WeightedAvgAccum acc) {
        acc.count = 0;
        acc.sum = 0L;
    }
}

// 注册函数
StreamTableEnvironment tEnv = ...
tEnv.createTemporarySystemFunction("wAvg", WeightedAvg.class);

// 使用函数
tEnv.sqlQuery("SELECT user, wAvg(points, level) AS avgPoints FROM userScores GROUP BY user");

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Scala" >}}
```scala
import java.lang.{Long => JLong, Integer => JInteger}
import org.apache.flink.api.java.tuple.{Tuple1 => JTuple1}
import org.apache.flink.api.java.typeutils.TupleTypeInfo
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.AggregateFunction
import org.apache.flink.table.legacy.api.Types

/**
 * Accumulator for WeightedAvg.
 */
class WeightedAvgAccum extends JTuple1[JLong, JInteger] {
  sum = 0L
  count = 0
}

/**
 * Weighted Average user-defined aggregate function.
 */
class WeightedAvg extends AggregateFunction[JLong, CountAccumulator] {

  override def createAccumulator(): WeightedAvgAccum = {
    new WeightedAvgAccum
  }

  override def getValue(acc: WeightedAvgAccum): JLong = {
    if (acc.count == 0) {
        null
    } else {
        acc.sum / acc.count
    }
  }

  def accumulate(acc: WeightedAvgAccum, iValue: JLong, iWeight: JInteger): Unit = {
    acc.sum += iValue * iWeight
    acc.count += iWeight
  }

  def retract(acc: WeightedAvgAccum, iValue: JLong, iWeight: JInteger): Unit = {
    acc.sum -= iValue * iWeight
    acc.count -= iWeight
  }

  def merge(acc: WeightedAvgAccum, it: java.lang.Iterable[WeightedAvgAccum]): Unit = {
    val iter = it.iterator()
    while (iter.hasNext) {
      val a = iter.next()
      acc.count += a.count
      acc.sum += a.sum
    }
  }

  def resetAccumulator(acc: WeightedAvgAccum): Unit = {
    acc.count = 0
    acc.sum = 0L
  }

  override def getAccumulatorType: TypeInformation[WeightedAvgAccum] = {
    new TupleTypeInfo(classOf[WeightedAvgAccum], Types.LONG, Types.INT)
  }

  override def getResultType: TypeInformation[JLong] = Types.LONG
}

// 注册函数
val tEnv: StreamTableEnvironment = ???
tEnv.createTemporarySystemFunction("wAvg", WeightedAvg.class)

// 使用函数
tEnv.sqlQuery("SELECT user, wAvg(points, level) AS avgPoints FROM userScores GROUP BY user")

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Python" >}}
```python
'''
Java code:

/**
 * Accumulator for WeightedAvg.
 */
public static class WeightedAvgAccum {
    public long sum = 0;
    public int count = 0;
}

// The java class must have a public no-argument constructor and can be founded in current java classloader.
// Java 类必须有一个 public 的无参构造函数，并且可以在当前类加载器中加载到。

/**
 * Weighted Average user-defined aggregate function.
 */
public static class WeightedAvg extends AggregateFunction<Long, WeightedAvgAccum> {

    @Override
    public WeightedAvgAccum createAccumulator() {
        return new WeightedAvgAccum();
    }

    @Override
    public Long getValue(WeightedAvgAccum acc) {
        if (acc.count == 0) {
            return null;
        } else {
            return acc.sum / acc.count;
        }
    }

    public void accumulate(WeightedAvgAccum acc, long iValue, int iWeight) {
        acc.sum += iValue * iWeight;
        acc.count += iWeight;
    }

    public void retract(WeightedAvgAccum acc, long iValue, int iWeight) {
        acc.sum -= iValue * iWeight;
        acc.count -= iWeight;
    }

    public void merge(WeightedAvgAccum acc, Iterable<WeightedAvgAccum> it) {
        Iterator<WeightedAvgAccum> iter = it.iterator();
        while (iter.hasNext()) {
            WeightedAvgAccum a = iter.next();
            acc.count += a.count;
            acc.sum += a.sum;
        }
    }

    public void resetAccumulator(WeightedAvgAccum acc) {
        acc.count = 0;
        acc.sum = 0L;
    }
}
'''

# 注册函数
t_env = ...  # type: StreamTableEnvironment
t_env.create_java_temporary_function("wAvg", "my.java.function.WeightedAvg")

# 使用函数
t_env.sql_query("SELECT user, wAvg(points, level) AS avgPoints FROM userScores GROUP BY user")

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}

如果你打算使用 Python 实现或调用聚合函数，详情可参考 [Python 聚合函数]({{< ref "docs/dev/python/table/udfs/python_udfs" >}}#aggregate-functions)。

{{< top >}}

表值聚合函数
---------------------

自定义表值聚合函数（UDTAGG）可以把一个表（一行或者多行，每行有一列或者多列）聚合成另一张表，结果中可以有多行多列。

{{<img alt="UDAGG mechanism" src="/fig/udtagg-mechanism.png" width="80%">}}

上图展示了一个表值聚合函数的例子。假设你有一个饮料的表，这个表有 3 列，分别是 `id`、`name` 和 `price`，一共有 5 行。假设你需要找到价格最高的两个饮料，类似于 `top2()` 表值聚合函数。你需要遍历所有 5 行数据，结果是有 2 行数据的一个表。

用户自定义表值聚合函数是通过扩展 `TableAggregateFunction` 类来实现的。一个 `TableAggregateFunction` 的工作过程如下。首先，它需要一个 `accumulator`，这个 `accumulator` 负责存储聚合的中间结果。 通过调用 `TableAggregateFunction` 的 `createAccumulator` 方法来构造一个空的 accumulator。接下来，对于每一行数据，会调用 `accumulate` 方法来更新 accumulator。当所有数据都处理完之后，调用 `emitValue` 方法来计算和返回最终的结果。

**下面几个 `TableAggregateFunction` 的方法是必须要实现的：**

- `createAccumulator()`
- `accumulate()`

Flink 的类型推导在遇到复杂类型的时候可能会推导出错误的结果，比如那些非基本类型和普通的 POJO 类型的复杂类型。所以类似于 `ScalarFunction` 和 `TableFunction`，`TableAggregateFunction` 也提供了 `TableAggregateFunction#getResultType()` 和 `TableAggregateFunction#getAccumulatorType()` 方法来指定返回值类型和 accumulator 的类型，这两个方法都需要返回 `TypeInformation`。

除了上面的方法，还有几个其他的方法可以选择性的实现。有些方法可以让查询更加高效，而有些方法对于某些特定场景是必须要实现的。比如，在会话窗口（当两个会话窗口合并时会合并两个 accumulator）中使用聚合函数时，必须要实现`merge()` 方法。

**下面几个 `TableAggregateFunction` 的方法在某些特定场景下是必须要实现的：**

- `retract()` 在 bounded `OVER` 窗口中的聚合函数必须要实现。
- `merge()` 在许多批式聚合和以及流式会话和滑动窗口聚合中是必须要实现的。
- `resetAccumulator()` 在许多批式聚合中是必须要实现的。
- `emitValue()` 在批式聚合以及窗口聚合中是必须要实现的。

**下面的 `TableAggregateFunction` 的方法可以提升流式任务的效率：**

- `emitUpdateWithRetract()` 在 retract 模式下，该方法负责发送被更新的值。

`emitValue` 方法会发送所有 accumulator 给出的结果。拿 TopN 来说，`emitValue` 每次都会发送所有的最大的 n 个值。这在流式任务中可能会有一些性能问题。为了提升性能，用户可以实现 `emitUpdateWithRetract` 方法。这个方法在 retract 模式下会增量的输出结果，比如有数据更新了，我们必须要撤回老的数据，然后再发送新的数据。如果定义了 `emitUpdateWithRetract` 方法，那它会优先于 `emitValue` 方法被使用，因为一般认为 `emitUpdateWithRetract` 会更加高效，因为它的输出是增量的。

`TableAggregateFunction` 的所有方法都必须是 `public` 的、非 `static` 的，而且名字必须跟上面提到的一样。`createAccumulator`、`getResultType` 和 `getAccumulatorType` 这三个方法是在抽象父类 `TableAggregateFunction` 中定义的，而其他的方法都是约定的方法。要实现一个表值聚合函数，你必须扩展 `org.apache.flink.table.functions.TableAggregateFunction`，并且实现一个（或者多个）`accumulate` 方法。`accumulate` 方法可以有多个重载的方法，也可以支持变长参数。

`TableAggregateFunction` 的所有方法的详细文档如下。

{{< tabs "be05e2c1-92b0-4373-8ef8-cf7dce67f85c" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}
```java

/**
  * Base class for user-defined aggregates and table aggregates.
  *
  * @param <T>   the type of the aggregation result.
  * @param <ACC> the type of the aggregation accumulator. The accumulator is used to keep the
  *             aggregated values which are needed to compute an aggregation result.
  */
public abstract class UserDefinedAggregateFunction<T, ACC> extends UserDefinedFunction {

  /**
    * Creates and init the Accumulator for this (table)aggregate function.
    *
    * @return the accumulator with the initial value
    */
  public ACC createAccumulator(); // MANDATORY

  /**
    * Returns the TypeInformation of the (table)aggregate function's result.
    *
    * @return The TypeInformation of the (table)aggregate function's result or null if the result
    *         type should be automatically inferred.
    */
  public TypeInformation<T> getResultType = null; // PRE-DEFINED

  /**
    * Returns the TypeInformation of the (table)aggregate function's accumulator.
    *
    * @return The TypeInformation of the (table)aggregate function's accumulator or null if the
    *         accumulator type should be automatically inferred.
    */
  public TypeInformation<ACC> getAccumulatorType = null; // PRE-DEFINED
}

/**
  * Base class for table aggregation functions.
  *
  * @param <T>   the type of the aggregation result
  * @param <ACC> the type of the aggregation accumulator. The accumulator is used to keep the
  *             aggregated values which are needed to compute a table aggregation result.
  *             TableAggregateFunction represents its state using accumulator, thereby the state of
  *             the TableAggregateFunction must be put into the accumulator.
  */
public abstract class TableAggregateFunction<T, ACC> extends UserDefinedAggregateFunction<T, ACC> {

  /** Processes the input values and update the provided accumulator instance. The method
    * accumulate can be overloaded with different custom types and arguments. A TableAggregateFunction
    * requires at least one accumulate() method.
    *
    * @param accumulator           the accumulator which contains the current aggregated results
    * @param [user defined inputs] the input value (usually obtained from a new arrived data).
    */
  public void accumulate(ACC accumulator, [user defined inputs]); // MANDATORY

  /**
    * Retracts the input values from the accumulator instance. The current design assumes the
    * inputs are the values that have been previously accumulated. The method retract can be
    * overloaded with different custom types and arguments. This function must be implemented for
    * datastream bounded over aggregate.
    *
    * @param accumulator           the accumulator which contains the current aggregated results
    * @param [user defined inputs] the input value (usually obtained from a new arrived data).
    */
  public void retract(ACC accumulator, [user defined inputs]); // OPTIONAL

  /**
    * Merges a group of accumulator instances into one accumulator instance. This function must be
    * implemented for datastream session window grouping aggregate and bounded grouping aggregate.
    *
    * @param accumulator  the accumulator which will keep the merged aggregate results. It should
    *                     be noted that the accumulator may contain the previous aggregated
    *                     results. Therefore user should not replace or clean this instance in the
    *                     custom merge method.
    * @param its          an {@link java.lang.Iterable} pointed to a group of accumulators that will be
    *                     merged.
    */
  public void merge(ACC accumulator, java.lang.Iterable<ACC> its); // OPTIONAL

  /**
    * Called every time when an aggregation result should be materialized. The returned value
    * could be either an early and incomplete result  (periodically emitted as data arrive) or
    * the final result of the  aggregation.
    *
    * @param accumulator the accumulator which contains the current
    *                    aggregated results
    * @param out         the collector used to output data
    */
  public void emitValue(ACC accumulator, Collector<T> out); // OPTIONAL

  /**
    * Called every time when an aggregation result should be materialized. The returned value
    * could be either an early and incomplete result (periodically emitted as data arrive) or
    * the final result of the aggregation.
    *
    * Different from emitValue, emitUpdateWithRetract is used to emit values that have been updated.
    * This method outputs data incrementally in retract mode, i.e., once there is an update, we
    * have to retract old records before sending new updated ones. The emitUpdateWithRetract
    * method will be used in preference to the emitValue method if both methods are defined in the
    * table aggregate function, because the method is treated to be more efficient than emitValue
    * as it can outputvalues incrementally.
    *
    * @param accumulator the accumulator which contains the current
    *                    aggregated results
    * @param out         the retractable collector used to output data. Use collect method
    *                    to output(add) records and use retract method to retract(delete)
    *                    records.
    */
  public void emitUpdateWithRetract(ACC accumulator, RetractableCollector<T> out); // OPTIONAL

  /**
    * Collects a record and forwards it. The collector can output retract messages with the retract
    * method. Note: only use it in {@code emitRetractValueIncrementally}.
    */
  public interface RetractableCollector<T> extends Collector<T> {

      /**
        * Retract a record.
        *
        * @param record The record to retract.
        */
      void retract(T record);
  }
}
```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Scala" >}}
```scala
/**
  * Base class for user-defined aggregates and table aggregates.
  *
  * @tparam T   the type of the aggregation result.
  * @tparam ACC the type of the aggregation accumulator. The accumulator is used to keep the
  *             aggregated values which are needed to compute an aggregation result.
  */
abstract class UserDefinedAggregateFunction[T, ACC] extends UserDefinedFunction {

  /**
    * Creates and init the Accumulator for this (table)aggregate function.
    *
    * @return the accumulator with the initial value
    */
  def createAccumulator(): ACC // MANDATORY

  /**
    * Returns the TypeInformation of the (table)aggregate function's result.
    *
    * @return The TypeInformation of the (table)aggregate function's result or null if the result
    *         type should be automatically inferred.
    */
  def getResultType: TypeInformation[T] = null // PRE-DEFINED

  /**
    * Returns the TypeInformation of the (table)aggregate function's accumulator.
    *
    * @return The TypeInformation of the (table)aggregate function's accumulator or null if the
    *         accumulator type should be automatically inferred.
    */
  def getAccumulatorType: TypeInformation[ACC] = null // PRE-DEFINED
}

/**
  * Base class for table aggregation functions.
  *
  * @tparam T   the type of the aggregation result
  * @tparam ACC the type of the aggregation accumulator. The accumulator is used to keep the
  *             aggregated values which are needed to compute an aggregation result.
  *             TableAggregateFunction represents its state using accumulator, thereby the state of
  *             the TableAggregateFunction must be put into the accumulator.
  */
abstract class TableAggregateFunction[T, ACC] extends UserDefinedAggregateFunction[T, ACC] {

  /**
    * Processes the input values and update the provided accumulator instance. The method
    * accumulate can be overloaded with different custom types and arguments. A TableAggregateFunction
    * requires at least one accumulate() method.
    *
    * @param accumulator           the accumulator which contains the current aggregated results
    * @param [user defined inputs] the input value (usually obtained from a new arrived data).
    */
  def accumulate(accumulator: ACC, [user defined inputs]): Unit // MANDATORY

  /**
    * Retracts the input values from the accumulator instance. The current design assumes the
    * inputs are the values that have been previously accumulated. The method retract can be
    * overloaded with different custom types and arguments. This function must be implemented for
    * datastream bounded over aggregate.
    *
    * @param accumulator           the accumulator which contains the current aggregated results
    * @param [user defined inputs] the input value (usually obtained from a new arrived data).
    */
  def retract(accumulator: ACC, [user defined inputs]): Unit // OPTIONAL

  /**
    * Merges a group of accumulator instances into one accumulator instance. This function must be
    * implemented for datastream session window grouping aggregate and bounded grouping aggregate.
    *
    * @param accumulator  the accumulator which will keep the merged aggregate results. It should
    *                     be noted that the accumulator may contain the previous aggregated
    *                     results. Therefore user should not replace or clean this instance in the
    *                     custom merge method.
    * @param its          an [[java.lang.Iterable]] pointed to a group of accumulators that will be
    *                     merged.
    */
  def merge(accumulator: ACC, its: java.lang.Iterable[ACC]): Unit // OPTIONAL

  /**
    * Called every time when an aggregation result should be materialized. The returned value
    * could be either an early and incomplete result  (periodically emitted as data arrive) or
    * the final result of the  aggregation.
    *
    * @param accumulator the accumulator which contains the current
    *                    aggregated results
    * @param out         the collector used to output data
    */
  def emitValue(accumulator: ACC, out: Collector[T]): Unit // OPTIONAL

  /**
    * Called every time when an aggregation result should be materialized. The returned value
    * could be either an early and incomplete result (periodically emitted as data arrive) or
    * the final result of the aggregation.
    *
    * Different from emitValue, emitUpdateWithRetract is used to emit values that have been updated.
    * This method outputs data incrementally in retract mode, i.e., once there is an update, we
    * have to retract old records before sending new updated ones. The emitUpdateWithRetract
    * method will be used in preference to the emitValue method if both methods are defined in the
    * table aggregate function, because the method is treated to be more efficient than emitValue
    * as it can outputvalues incrementally.
    *
    * @param accumulator the accumulator which contains the current
    *                    aggregated results
    * @param out         the retractable collector used to output data. Use collect method
    *                    to output(add) records and use retract method to retract(delete)
    *                    records.
    */
  def emitUpdateWithRetract(accumulator: ACC, out: RetractableCollector[T]): Unit // OPTIONAL

  /**
    * Collects a record and forwards it. The collector can output retract messages with the retract
    * method. Note: only use it in `emitRetractValueIncrementally`.
    */
  trait RetractableCollector[T] extends Collector[T] {

    /**
      * Retract a record.
      *
      * @param record The record to retract.
      */
    def retract(record: T): Unit
  }
}
```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}


下面的例子展示了如何

- 定义一个 `TableAggregateFunction` 来计算给定列的最大的 2 个值，
- 在 `TableEnvironment` 中注册函数，
- 在 Table API 查询中使用函数（当前只在 Table API 中支持 TableAggregateFunction）。

为了计算最大的 2 个值，accumulator 需要保存当前看到的最大的 2 个值。在我们的例子中，我们定义了类 `Top2Accum` 来作为 accumulator。Flink 的 checkpoint 机制会自动保存 accumulator，并且在失败时进行恢复，来保证精确一次的语义。

我们的 `Top2` 表值聚合函数（`TableAggregateFunction`）的 `accumulate()` 方法有两个输入，第一个是 `Top2Accum` accumulator，另一个是用户定义的输入：输入的值 `v`。尽管 `merge()` 方法在大多数聚合类型中不是必须的，我们也在样例中提供了它的实现。请注意，我们在 Scala 样例中也使用的是 Java 的基础类型，并且定义了 `getResultType()` 和 `getAccumulatorType()` 方法，因为 Flink 的类型推导对于 Scala 的类型推导支持的不是很好。

{{< tabs "1348443b-e70d-4e88-888a-69a21ecc7857" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}
```java
/**
 * Accumulator for Top2.
 */
public class Top2Accum {
    public Integer first;
    public Integer second;
}

/**
 * The top2 user-defined table aggregate function.
 */
public static class Top2 extends TableAggregateFunction<Tuple2<Integer, Integer>, Top2Accum> {

    @Override
    public Top2Accum createAccumulator() {
        Top2Accum acc = new Top2Accum();
        acc.first = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
        acc.second = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
        return acc;
    }


    public void accumulate(Top2Accum acc, Integer v) {
        if (v > acc.first) {
            acc.second = acc.first;
            acc.first = v;
        } else if (v > acc.second) {
            acc.second = v;
        }
    }

    public void merge(Top2Accum acc, java.lang.Iterable<Top2Accum> iterable) {
        for (Top2Accum otherAcc : iterable) {
            accumulate(acc, otherAcc.first);
            accumulate(acc, otherAcc.second);
        }
    }

    public void emitValue(Top2Accum acc, Collector<Tuple2<Integer, Integer>> out) {
        // emit the value and rank
        if (acc.first != Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
            out.collect(Tuple2.of(acc.first, 1));
        }
        if (acc.second != Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
            out.collect(Tuple2.of(acc.second, 2));
        }
    }
}

// 注册函数
StreamTableEnvironment tEnv = ...
tEnv.createTemporarySystemFunction("top2", Top2.class);

// 初始化表
Table tab = ...;

// 使用函数
tab.groupBy("key")
    .flatAggregate("top2(a) as (v, rank)")
    .select("key, v, rank");

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Scala" >}}
```scala
import java.lang.{Integer => JInteger}
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.TableAggregateFunction
import org.apache.flink.table.legacy.api.Types

/**
 * Accumulator for top2.
 */
class Top2Accum {
  var first: JInteger = _
  var second: JInteger = _
}

/**
 * The top2 user-defined table aggregate function.
 */
class Top2 extends TableAggregateFunction[JTuple2[JInteger, JInteger], Top2Accum] {

  override def createAccumulator(): Top2Accum = {
    val acc = new Top2Accum
    acc.first = Int.MinValue
    acc.second = Int.MinValue
    acc
  }

  def accumulate(acc: Top2Accum, v: Int) {
    if (v > acc.first) {
      acc.second = acc.first
      acc.first = v
    } else if (v > acc.second) {
      acc.second = v
    }
  }

  def merge(acc: Top2Accum, its: JIterable[Top2Accum]): Unit = {
    val iter = its.iterator()
    while (iter.hasNext) {
      val top2 = iter.next()
      accumulate(acc, top2.first)
      accumulate(acc, top2.second)
    }
  }

  def emitValue(acc: Top2Accum, out: Collector[JTuple2[JInteger, JInteger]]): Unit = {
    // emit the value and rank
    if (acc.first != Int.MinValue) {
      out.collect(JTuple2.of(acc.first, 1))
    }
    if (acc.second != Int.MinValue) {
      out.collect(JTuple2.of(acc.second, 2))
    }
  }
}

// 初始化表
val tab = ...

// 使用函数
tab
  .groupBy('key)
  .flatAggregate(top2('a) as ('v, 'rank))
  .select('key, 'v, 'rank)

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}


下面的例子展示了如何使用 `emitUpdateWithRetract` 方法来只发送更新的数据。为了只发送更新的结果，accumulator 保存了上一次的最大的2个值，也保存了当前最大的2个值。
{{< hint info >}}
注意：请不要在 `emitUpdateWithRetract` 方法中更新 accumulator，因为在调用 `function#emitUpdateWithRetract` 之后，`GroupTableAggFunction` 不会重新调用 `function#getAccumulators` 来将最新的 accumulator 更新到状态中。
{{< /hint >}}

{{< tabs "e0d841fe-8d95-4706-9e19-e76141171966" >}}
{{< tab "Java" >}}
```java
/**
 * Accumulator for Top2.
 */
public class Top2Accum {
    public Integer first;
    public Integer second;
    public Integer oldFirst;
    public Integer oldSecond;
}

/**
 * The top2 user-defined table aggregate function.
 */
public static class Top2 extends TableAggregateFunction<Tuple2<Integer, Integer>, Top2Accum> {

    @Override
    public Top2Accum createAccumulator() {
        Top2Accum acc = new Top2Accum();
        acc.first = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
        acc.second = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
        acc.oldFirst = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
        acc.oldSecond = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
        return acc;
    }

    public void accumulate(Top2Accum acc, Integer v) {
        acc.oldFirst = acc.first;
        acc.oldSecond = acc.second;
        if (v > acc.first) {
            acc.second = acc.first;
            acc.first = v;
        } else if (v > acc.second) {
            acc.second = v;
        }
    }

    public void emitUpdateWithRetract(Top2Accum acc, RetractableCollector<Tuple2<Integer, Integer>> out) {
        if (!acc.first.equals(acc.oldFirst)) {
            // if there is an update, retract old value then emit new value.
            if (acc.oldFirst != Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
                out.retract(Tuple2.of(acc.oldFirst, 1));
            }
            out.collect(Tuple2.of(acc.first, 1));
        }

        if (!acc.second.equals(acc.oldSecond)) {
            // if there is an update, retract old value then emit new value.
            if (acc.oldSecond != Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
                out.retract(Tuple2.of(acc.oldSecond, 2));
            }
            out.collect(Tuple2.of(acc.second, 2));
        }
    }
}

// 注册函数
StreamTableEnvironment tEnv = ...
tEnv.createTemporarySystemFunction("top2", Top2.class);

// 初始化表
Table tab = ...;

// 使用函数
tab.groupBy("key")
    .flatAggregate("top2(a) as (v, rank)")
    .select("key, v, rank");

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< tab "Scala" >}}
```scala
import java.lang.{Integer => JInteger}
import org.apache.flink.table.functions.TableAggregateFunction
import org.apache.flink.table.legacy.api.Types

/**
 * Accumulator for top2.
 */
class Top2Accum {
  var first: JInteger = _
  var second: JInteger = _
  var oldFirst: JInteger = _
  var oldSecond: JInteger = _
}

/**
 * The top2 user-defined table aggregate function.
 */
class Top2 extends TableAggregateFunction[JTuple2[JInteger, JInteger], Top2Accum] {

  override def createAccumulator(): Top2Accum = {
    val acc = new Top2Accum
    acc.first = Int.MinValue
    acc.second = Int.MinValue
    acc.oldFirst = Int.MinValue
    acc.oldSecond = Int.MinValue
    acc
  }

  def accumulate(acc: Top2Accum, v: Int) {
    acc.oldFirst = acc.first
    acc.oldSecond = acc.second
    if (v > acc.first) {
      acc.second = acc.first
      acc.first = v
    } else if (v > acc.second) {
      acc.second = v
    }
  }

  def emitUpdateWithRetract(
    acc: Top2Accum,
    out: RetractableCollector[JTuple2[JInteger, JInteger]])
  : Unit = {
    if (acc.first != acc.oldFirst) {
      // if there is an update, retract old value then emit new value.
      if (acc.oldFirst != Int.MinValue) {
        out.retract(JTuple2.of(acc.oldFirst, 1))
      }
      out.collect(JTuple2.of(acc.first, 1))
    }
    if (acc.second != acc.oldSecond) {
      // if there is an update, retract old value then emit new value.
      if (acc.oldSecond != Int.MinValue) {
        out.retract(JTuple2.of(acc.oldSecond, 2))
      }
      out.collect(JTuple2.of(acc.second, 2))
    }
  }
}

// 初始化表
val tab = ...

// 使用函数
tab
  .groupBy('key)
  .flatAggregate(top2('a) as ('v, 'rank))
  .select('key, 'v, 'rank)

```
{{< /tab >}}
{{< /tabs >}}

{{< top >}}

Process Table Functions
-----------------------

Process Table Functions (PTFs) are the most powerful function kind for Flink SQL and Table API. They enable implementing
user-defined operators that can be as feature-rich as built-in operations. PTFs can take (partitioned) tables to produce
a new table. They have access to Flink's managed state, event-time and timer services, and underlying table changelogs.

Conceptually, a PTF is a superset of all other user-defined functions. It maps zero, one, or multiple tables to zero, one,
or multiple rows (or structured types). Scalar arguments are supported. Due to its stateful nature, implementing aggregating
behavior is possible as well.

A PTF enables the following tasks:
- Apply transformations on each row of a table.
- Logically partition the table into distinct sets and apply transformations per set.
- Store seen events for repeated access.
- Continue the processing at a later point in time enabling waiting, synchronization, or timeouts.
- Buffer and aggregate events using complex state machines or rule-based conditional logic.

See the [dedicated page for PTFs]({{< ref "docs/dev/table/functions/ptfs" >}}) for more details.

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