// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
// specific language governing permissions and limitations
// under the License.

//! Concurrent request limit layer implementation for Apache OpenDAL.

#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg))]
#![deny(missing_docs)]

use std::future::Future;
use std::pin::Pin;
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::task::Context;
use std::task::Poll;

use futures::Stream;
use futures::StreamExt;
use mea::semaphore::OwnedSemaphorePermit;
use mea::semaphore::Semaphore;
use opendal_core::raw::*;
use opendal_core::*;

/// ConcurrentLimitSemaphore abstracts a semaphore-like concurrency primitive
/// that yields an owned permit released on drop.
pub trait ConcurrentLimitSemaphore: Send + Sync + Clone + Unpin + 'static {
    /// The owned permit type associated with the semaphore. Dropping it
    /// must release the permit back to the semaphore.
    type Permit: Send + Sync + 'static;

    /// Acquire an owned permit asynchronously.
    fn acquire(&self) -> impl Future<Output = Self::Permit> + MaybeSend;
}

impl ConcurrentLimitSemaphore for Arc<Semaphore> {
    type Permit = OwnedSemaphorePermit;

    async fn acquire(&self) -> Self::Permit {
        self.clone().acquire_owned(1).await
    }
}

/// Add concurrent request limit.
///
/// # Notes
///
/// Users can control how many concurrent connections could be established
/// between OpenDAL and underlying storage services.
///
/// All operators wrapped by this layer will share a common semaphore. This
/// allows you to reuse the same layer across multiple operators, ensuring
/// that the total number of concurrent requests across the entire
/// application does not exceed the limit.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Add a concurrent limit layer to the operator:
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use opendal_core::services;
/// # use opendal_core::Operator;
/// # use opendal_core::Result;
/// # use opendal_layer_concurrent_limit::ConcurrentLimitLayer;
/// #
/// # fn main() -> Result<()> {
/// let _ = Operator::new(services::Memory::default())?
///     .layer(ConcurrentLimitLayer::new(1024))
///     .finish();
/// # Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// Share a concurrent limit layer between the operators:
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use opendal_core::services;
/// # use opendal_core::Operator;
/// # use opendal_core::Result;
/// # use opendal_layer_concurrent_limit::ConcurrentLimitLayer;
/// #
/// # fn main() -> Result<()> {
/// let limit = ConcurrentLimitLayer::new(1024);
///
/// let _operator_a = Operator::new(services::Memory::default())?
///     .layer(limit.clone())
///     .finish();
/// let _operator_b = Operator::new(services::Memory::default())?
///     .layer(limit.clone())
///     .finish();
/// # Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct ConcurrentLimitLayer<S: ConcurrentLimitSemaphore = Arc<Semaphore>> {
    operation_semaphore: S,
    http_semaphore: Option<S>,
}

impl ConcurrentLimitLayer<Arc<Semaphore>> {
    /// Create a new `ConcurrentLimitLayer` with the specified number of
    /// permits.
    ///
    /// These permits will be applied to all operations.
    pub fn new(permits: usize) -> Self {
        Self::with_semaphore(Arc::new(Semaphore::new(permits)))
    }

    /// Set a concurrent limit for HTTP requests.
    ///
    /// This convenience helper constructs a new semaphore with the specified
    /// number of permits and calls [`ConcurrentLimitLayer::with_http_semaphore`].
    /// Use [`ConcurrentLimitLayer::with_http_semaphore`] directly when reusing
    /// a shared semaphore.
    pub fn with_http_concurrent_limit(self, permits: usize) -> Self {
        self.with_http_semaphore(Arc::new(Semaphore::new(permits)))
    }
}

impl<S: ConcurrentLimitSemaphore> ConcurrentLimitLayer<S> {
    /// Create a layer with any ConcurrentLimitSemaphore implementation.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use std::sync::Arc;
    /// # use mea::semaphore::Semaphore;
    /// # use opendal_layer_concurrent_limit::ConcurrentLimitLayer;
    /// let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(1024));
    /// let _layer = ConcurrentLimitLayer::with_semaphore(semaphore);
    /// ```
    pub fn with_semaphore(operation_semaphore: S) -> Self {
        Self {
            operation_semaphore,
            http_semaphore: None,
        }
    }

    /// Provide a custom HTTP concurrency semaphore instance.
    pub fn with_http_semaphore(mut self, semaphore: S) -> Self {
        self.http_semaphore = Some(semaphore);
        self
    }
}

impl<A: Access, S: ConcurrentLimitSemaphore> Layer<A> for ConcurrentLimitLayer<S>
where
    S::Permit: Unpin,
{
    type LayeredAccess = ConcurrentLimitAccessor<A, S>;

    fn layer(&self, inner: A) -> Self::LayeredAccess {
        let info = inner.info();

        // Update http client with concurrent limit http fetcher.
        info.update_http_client(|client| {
            HttpClient::with(ConcurrentLimitHttpFetcher::<S> {
                inner: client.into_inner(),
                http_semaphore: self.http_semaphore.clone(),
            })
        });

        ConcurrentLimitAccessor {
            inner,
            semaphore: self.operation_semaphore.clone(),
        }
    }
}

#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct ConcurrentLimitHttpFetcher<S: ConcurrentLimitSemaphore> {
    inner: HttpFetcher,
    http_semaphore: Option<S>,
}

impl<S: ConcurrentLimitSemaphore> HttpFetch for ConcurrentLimitHttpFetcher<S>
where
    S::Permit: Unpin,
{
    async fn fetch(&self, req: http::Request<Buffer>) -> Result<http::Response<HttpBody>> {
        let Some(semaphore) = self.http_semaphore.clone() else {
            return self.inner.fetch(req).await;
        };

        let permit = semaphore.acquire().await;

        let resp = self.inner.fetch(req).await?;
        let (parts, body) = resp.into_parts();
        let body = body.map_inner(|s| {
            Box::new(ConcurrentLimitStream::<_, S::Permit> {
                inner: s,
                _permit: permit,
            })
        });
        Ok(http::Response::from_parts(parts, body))
    }
}

struct ConcurrentLimitStream<S, P> {
    inner: S,
    // Hold on this permit until this reader has been dropped.
    _permit: P,
}

impl<S, P> Stream for ConcurrentLimitStream<S, P>
where
    S: Stream<Item = Result<Buffer>> + Unpin + 'static,
    P: Unpin,
{
    type Item = Result<Buffer>;

    fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
        // Safe due to Unpin bounds on S and P (thus on Self).
        let this = self.get_mut();
        this.inner.poll_next_unpin(cx)
    }
}

#[doc(hidden)]
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct ConcurrentLimitAccessor<A: Access, S: ConcurrentLimitSemaphore> {
    inner: A,
    semaphore: S,
}

impl<A: Access, S: ConcurrentLimitSemaphore> std::fmt::Debug for ConcurrentLimitAccessor<A, S> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("ConcurrentLimitAccessor")
            .field("inner", &self.inner)
            .finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
}

impl<A: Access, S: ConcurrentLimitSemaphore> LayeredAccess for ConcurrentLimitAccessor<A, S>
where
    S::Permit: Unpin,
{
    type Inner = A;
    type Reader = ConcurrentLimitWrapper<A::Reader, S::Permit>;
    type Writer = ConcurrentLimitWrapper<A::Writer, S::Permit>;
    type Lister = ConcurrentLimitWrapper<A::Lister, S::Permit>;
    type Deleter = ConcurrentLimitWrapper<A::Deleter, S::Permit>;
    type Copier = ConcurrentLimitWrapper<A::Copier, S::Permit>;

    fn inner(&self) -> &Self::Inner {
        &self.inner
    }

    async fn create_dir(&self, path: &str, args: OpCreateDir) -> Result<RpCreateDir> {
        let _permit = self.semaphore.acquire().await;

        self.inner.create_dir(path, args).await
    }

    async fn read(&self, path: &str, args: OpRead) -> Result<(RpRead, Self::Reader)> {
        let permit = self.semaphore.acquire().await;

        self.inner
            .read(path, args)
            .await
            .map(|(rp, r)| (rp, ConcurrentLimitWrapper::new(r, permit)))
    }

    async fn write(&self, path: &str, args: OpWrite) -> Result<(RpWrite, Self::Writer)> {
        let permit = self.semaphore.acquire().await;

        self.inner
            .write(path, args)
            .await
            .map(|(rp, w)| (rp, ConcurrentLimitWrapper::new(w, permit)))
    }

    async fn copy(
        &self,
        from: &str,
        to: &str,
        args: OpCopy,
        opts: OpCopier,
    ) -> Result<(RpCopy, Self::Copier)> {
        let permit = self.semaphore.acquire().await;

        self.inner
            .copy(from, to, args, opts.clone())
            .await
            .map(|(rp, c)| (rp, ConcurrentLimitWrapper::new(c, permit)))
    }

    async fn rename(&self, from: &str, to: &str, args: OpRename) -> Result<RpRename> {
        let _permit = self.semaphore.acquire().await;

        self.inner.rename(from, to, args).await
    }

    async fn stat(&self, path: &str, args: OpStat) -> Result<RpStat> {
        let _permit = self.semaphore.acquire().await;

        self.inner.stat(path, args).await
    }

    async fn delete(&self) -> Result<(RpDelete, Self::Deleter)> {
        let permit = self.semaphore.acquire().await;

        self.inner
            .delete()
            .await
            .map(|(rp, w)| (rp, ConcurrentLimitWrapper::new(w, permit)))
    }

    async fn list(&self, path: &str, args: OpList) -> Result<(RpList, Self::Lister)> {
        let permit = self.semaphore.acquire().await;

        self.inner
            .list(path, args)
            .await
            .map(|(rp, s)| (rp, ConcurrentLimitWrapper::new(s, permit)))
    }
}

#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct ConcurrentLimitWrapper<R, P> {
    inner: R,

    // Hold on this permit until this reader has been dropped.
    _permit: P,
}

impl<R, P> ConcurrentLimitWrapper<R, P> {
    fn new(inner: R, permit: P) -> Self {
        Self {
            inner,
            _permit: permit,
        }
    }
}

impl<R: oio::Read, P: Send + Sync + 'static + Unpin> oio::Read for ConcurrentLimitWrapper<R, P> {
    async fn read(&mut self) -> Result<Buffer> {
        self.inner.read().await
    }
}

impl<R: oio::Write, P: Send + Sync + 'static + Unpin> oio::Write for ConcurrentLimitWrapper<R, P> {
    async fn write(&mut self, bs: Buffer) -> Result<()> {
        self.inner.write(bs).await
    }

    async fn close(&mut self) -> Result<Metadata> {
        self.inner.close().await
    }

    async fn abort(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        self.inner.abort().await
    }
}

impl<R: oio::List, P: Send + Sync + 'static + Unpin> oio::List for ConcurrentLimitWrapper<R, P> {
    async fn next(&mut self) -> Result<Option<oio::Entry>> {
        self.inner.next().await
    }
}

impl<R: oio::Delete, P: Send + Sync + 'static + Unpin> oio::Delete
    for ConcurrentLimitWrapper<R, P>
{
    async fn delete(&mut self, path: &str, args: OpDelete) -> Result<()> {
        self.inner.delete(path, args).await
    }

    async fn close(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        self.inner.close().await
    }
}

impl<C: oio::Copy, P: Send + Sync + 'static + Unpin> oio::Copy for ConcurrentLimitWrapper<C, P> {
    async fn next(&mut self) -> Result<Option<usize>> {
        self.inner.next().await
    }

    async fn close(&mut self) -> Result<Metadata> {
        self.inner.close().await
    }

    async fn abort(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        self.inner.abort().await
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use opendal_core::Operator;
    use opendal_core::OperatorBuilder;
    use opendal_core::services;
    use std::sync::Arc;
    use std::time::Duration;
    use tokio::time::timeout;

    use futures::stream;
    use http::Response;

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn operation_semaphore_can_be_shared() {
        let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(1));
        let layer = ConcurrentLimitLayer::with_semaphore(semaphore.clone());

        let permit = semaphore.clone().acquire_owned(1).await;

        let op = Operator::new(services::Memory::default())
            .expect("operator must build")
            .layer(layer)
            .finish();

        let blocked = timeout(Duration::from_millis(50), op.stat("any")).await;
        assert!(
            blocked.is_err(),
            "operation should be limited by shared semaphore"
        );

        drop(permit);

        let completed = timeout(Duration::from_millis(50), op.stat("any")).await;
        assert!(
            completed.is_ok(),
            "operation should proceed once permit is released"
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn operation_semaphore_limits_copy_and_rename() {
        #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
        struct CopyRenameBackend {
            info: Arc<AccessorInfo>,
        }

        impl Access for CopyRenameBackend {
            type Reader = ();
            type Writer = ();
            type Lister = ();
            type Deleter = ();
            type Copier = oio::Copier;

            fn info(&self) -> Arc<AccessorInfo> {
                self.info.clone()
            }

            async fn copy(
                &self,
                _: &str,
                _: &str,
                _: OpCopy,
                _: OpCopier,
            ) -> Result<(RpCopy, Self::Copier)> {
                Ok((RpCopy::default(), Box::new(())))
            }

            async fn rename(&self, _: &str, _: &str, _: OpRename) -> Result<RpRename> {
                Ok(RpRename::default())
            }
        }

        let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(1));
        let layer = ConcurrentLimitLayer::with_semaphore(semaphore.clone());
        let info = Arc::new(AccessorInfo::default());
        info.set_native_capability(Capability {
            copy: true,
            rename: true,
            ..Default::default()
        });
        let op = OperatorBuilder::new(CopyRenameBackend { info })
            .layer(layer)
            .finish();

        let permit = semaphore.clone().acquire_owned(1).await;

        let copy = timeout(Duration::from_millis(50), op.copy("from", "to")).await;
        assert!(copy.is_err(), "copy should wait for the operation permit");

        let rename = timeout(Duration::from_millis(50), op.rename("from", "to")).await;
        assert!(
            rename.is_err(),
            "rename should wait for the operation permit"
        );

        drop(permit);

        timeout(Duration::from_millis(50), op.copy("from", "to"))
            .await
            .expect("copy should proceed once permit is released")
            .expect("copy should succeed");
        timeout(Duration::from_millis(50), op.rename("from", "to"))
            .await
            .expect("rename should proceed once permit is released")
            .expect("rename should succeed");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn operation_semaphore_held_until_copier_dropped() {
        #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
        struct CopierBackend {
            info: Arc<AccessorInfo>,
        }

        impl Access for CopierBackend {
            type Reader = ();
            type Writer = ();
            type Lister = ();
            type Deleter = ();
            type Copier = oio::Copier;

            fn info(&self) -> Arc<AccessorInfo> {
                self.info.clone()
            }

            async fn copy(
                &self,
                _: &str,
                _: &str,
                _: OpCopy,
                _: OpCopier,
            ) -> Result<(RpCopy, Self::Copier)> {
                Ok((RpCopy::default(), Box::new(())))
            }

            async fn stat(&self, _: &str, _: OpStat) -> Result<RpStat> {
                Ok(RpStat::new(Metadata::new(EntryMode::FILE)))
            }
        }

        let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(1));
        let layer = ConcurrentLimitLayer::with_semaphore(semaphore.clone());
        let info = Arc::new(AccessorInfo::default());
        info.set_native_capability(Capability {
            copy: true,
            stat: true,
            ..Default::default()
        });
        let op = OperatorBuilder::new(CopierBackend { info })
            .layer(layer)
            .finish();

        let copier = timeout(Duration::from_millis(50), op.copier("from", "to"))
            .await
            .expect("copier setup should not block")
            .expect("copier should be created");

        // The permit is held by the live copier, so concurrent operations
        // must time out until the copier is dropped.
        let blocked = timeout(Duration::from_millis(50), op.stat("any")).await;
        assert!(
            blocked.is_err(),
            "stat should wait while the copier holds the permit"
        );

        drop(copier);

        timeout(Duration::from_millis(50), op.stat("any"))
            .await
            .expect("stat should proceed once the copier is dropped")
            .expect("stat should succeed");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn concurrent_chunked_read_with_http_limit() {
        use opendal_core::raw::*;

        struct EchoFetcher;

        impl HttpFetch for EchoFetcher {
            async fn fetch(&self, req: http::Request<Buffer>) -> Result<http::Response<HttpBody>> {
                let data = req.into_body();
                let len = data.len() as u64;
                let body =
                    HttpBody::new(Box::pin(stream::once(async move { Ok(data) })), Some(len));
                Ok(http::Response::builder()
                    .status(http::StatusCode::OK)
                    .body(body)
                    .unwrap())
            }
        }

        #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
        struct HttpBackend {
            info: Arc<AccessorInfo>,
            content: Buffer,
        }

        impl Access for HttpBackend {
            type Reader = HttpBody;
            type Writer = ();
            type Lister = ();
            type Deleter = ();
            type Copier = oio::Copier;

            fn info(&self) -> Arc<AccessorInfo> {
                self.info.clone()
            }

            async fn read(&self, _: &str, args: OpRead) -> Result<(RpRead, Self::Reader)> {
                let range = args.range();
                let start = range.offset() as usize;
                let data = match range.size() {
                    Some(sz) => self.content.slice(start..start + sz as usize),
                    None => self.content.slice(start..),
                };
                let req = http::Request::get("http://fake").body(data).unwrap();
                let resp = self.info.http_client().fetch(req).await?;
                Ok((
                    RpRead::new(Metadata::new(EntryMode::FILE).with_content_length(0)),
                    resp.into_body(),
                ))
            }

            async fn stat(&self, _: &str, _: OpStat) -> Result<RpStat> {
                Ok(RpStat::new(
                    Metadata::new(EntryMode::FILE).with_content_length(self.content.len() as u64),
                ))
            }

            async fn write(&self, _: &str, _: OpWrite) -> Result<(RpWrite, Self::Writer)> {
                Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::Unsupported, "not needed"))
            }
            async fn delete(&self) -> Result<(RpDelete, Self::Deleter)> {
                Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::Unsupported, "not needed"))
            }
            async fn list(&self, _: &str, _: OpList) -> Result<(RpList, Self::Lister)> {
                Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::Unsupported, "not needed"))
            }
        }

        let content = Buffer::from(vec![0u8; 4096]);
        let info = Arc::new(AccessorInfo::default());
        info.update_http_client(|_| HttpClient::with(EchoFetcher));

        let op = OperatorBuilder::new(HttpBackend {
            info,
            content: content.clone(),
        })
        .layer(ConcurrentLimitLayer::new(1024).with_http_concurrent_limit(2))
        .finish();

        // chunk=256 ⇒ 16 HTTP requests, concurrent=4, but only 2 HTTP permits.
        let result = timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), async {
            op.reader_with("test")
                .chunk(256)
                .concurrent(4)
                .await
                .expect("reader must build")
                .read(..)
                .await
        })
        .await;

        let buf = result
            .expect("read must not deadlock (timeout)")
            .expect("read must succeed");
        assert_eq!(buf.to_bytes(), content.to_bytes());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn http_semaphore_holds_until_body_dropped() {
        struct DummyFetcher;

        impl HttpFetch for DummyFetcher {
            async fn fetch(&self, _req: http::Request<Buffer>) -> Result<Response<HttpBody>> {
                let body = HttpBody::new(stream::empty(), None);
                Ok(Response::builder()
                    .status(http::StatusCode::OK)
                    .body(body)
                    .expect("response must build"))
            }
        }

        let semaphore = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(1));
        let layer = ConcurrentLimitLayer::new(1).with_http_semaphore(semaphore.clone());
        let fetcher = ConcurrentLimitHttpFetcher::<Arc<Semaphore>> {
            inner: HttpClient::with(DummyFetcher).into_inner(),
            http_semaphore: layer.http_semaphore.clone(),
        };

        let request = http::Request::builder()
            .uri("http://example.invalid/")
            .body(Buffer::new())
            .expect("request must build");
        let _resp = fetcher
            .fetch(request)
            .await
            .expect("first fetch should succeed");

        let request = http::Request::builder()
            .uri("http://example.invalid/")
            .body(Buffer::new())
            .expect("request must build");
        let blocked = timeout(Duration::from_millis(50), fetcher.fetch(request)).await;
        assert!(
            blocked.is_err(),
            "http fetch should block while the body holds the permit"
        );
    }
}
